156 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUAKIKRI.V. 



bowlders (I to 3 ft. ) are of quartzite, granite and green stone. We 

 can safely say that 75 per cent are of Sioux quartzite. Of the 

 bowlders over 3 feet in diameter 95 per cent are quartzite. The 

 • luartzite bowlders are much more angular than the others. Of all 

 the bowlders observed during the summer, scratches were found upon 

 two only. The largest isolated limestone rock observed is located 

 21^ miles north and 1 1^ miles east of Holton. This is somewhat 

 rounded and smooth. It has some distinction in the neighborhood 

 from the fact that John Brown's initials are carved upon it. Near 

 it is a five foot granite conglomerate. The native rock crops out 

 nowhere in the immediate neighborhood. Near here is a wellizS 

 feet deep which doss not reach rock. The largest bowlder observed 

 is 6)4 miles north of Topeka. It is 23 by 13 by 7 feet; near this and 

 extending six inches out of ground is another four feet long; near 

 this is another ig by 8 by i feet. The three are granite conglom- 

 erate bowlders. 



Many -rock exposures were examined for stria', but none were 

 found. A careful search was always made wherever the conditions 

 gave the least possibility of their occurrence. 



In the greater number of cases the drift material instead of oc- 

 curring directly upon the limestone is upon shale which had been 

 weathered and disintegrated before the deposition of the drift. 

 But the shale in all such cases, with one possible exception, was 

 found to be undisturbed, not crumpled, crushed or to an\' extent 

 visibly moved. This occurrence of the drift upon the undisturbed 

 shale would seem to be pretty good evidence that it was not de- 

 posited as ground moraine. Two ami one-half miles south of Hol- 

 ton is a sectionon the Rock Island R. R.. which illustrates the con- 

 tact of the drift ami shale, though here the layer of drift is uncom- 

 monly thin. The section is 300 feet in length, 15 feet high in the 

 middle, 4 feet high at each end. The greater part is shale. Over 

 it all is a two foot layer of reddish soil with pebbles, which are in 

 some places arranged in layers. Where the soil layer meets the 

 shale the latter is disintegrated. 



The great mass of glacial material in Kansas is of a pale yellowish 

 red color. Its greatest depth except perhaps in the northern drift 

 region is not much more than 175 feet. The deepest well of which 

 I heard that passed entirely through drift is one northwest of Hol- 

 ton. This has a depth of 126 feet. A well near White ('loud, 

 with a depth of 126 feet does not reach rock. Most of the wells 

 examined have a depth through drift of forty to sixty feet, though 

 depths of 70 to 100 feet were not infrequently met with. One hun- 

 dred and seventy-five feet is a liberal estimate for the greater depth. 



