p6 proceedings or the 



It was also in the best traditional Linnean style that he brought 

 out his ' Lichenographia Scandiuavica ' in 1871-74, a work of 

 known and accepted value. One of the greatest botanical achieve- 

 ments of the last century was the discovery that Lichens are not 

 independent plants, but are an association of Algae and Fungi. 

 Eries had in 'Flora' of 1866, on the cephalodia of lichens, made 

 an important step towards the commonly received Schwendeneriaii 

 views, but he stood out against it for long : so that it was an 

 historical moment for his pupils when, in a lecture at the 

 beginning of 1880, he openly avowed his conversion. 



Fries shared in the Swedish expeditions to the North, such as 

 Nordenskjold's Spitzbergen journey in 1868, his Greenland voyage 

 in 1871, and lastly to Finnmark in 1857 and 1884. Besides the 

 scientific results of these journeys may be mentioned the popular 

 volumes ' Svenska polarexpedition ar 1868, med Kronoangfartj^get 

 Sofia,' and his ' Greenland, its nature and natives.' 



The long period which Fries spent in academic service has 

 left deep traces in Swedish education. The Museum at Uppsala 

 was his work ; through his widespread personal relations and 

 energy he succeeded in forming an institution wliich worthily 

 compares with many renowned continental museums. 



It is related that when Fries began his teaching career 

 he brought with him a fresh breeziness whicli had never 

 before been displayed. He spoke simply and naturally, always to 

 the point, and with an undercurrent of humour. His power of 

 carrying with him even the most sluggish pupil was incredible. 

 During his youth and a long period of his mature life he stood 

 in the most intimate relation with the botanical world of 

 Europe. Early accustomed to the modern microscope, he was one 

 of the first in Sweden to introduce microscopical technique into 

 botany, and the various problems set out by Darwin, Delpino, 

 and Kerner in the sixties and seventies. Even during the last 

 decade of the nineteenth century, when he was forced out of the 

 course of scientific evolution by accumulated official commissions, 

 he still worked hard to help others in those studies in which he 

 could no longer partake or dominate. 



He stood in direct relation to youth as few of his contem- 

 poraries did, the breadth of his personal activity was easily noticed 

 amongst his pupils. His inspectorship of the Smaland nation, 

 and even cf the Gotlauders was notable. On his 80th birthday 

 (which he passed in bed) the Botanical section gave utterance as 

 follows : — 



" One autumn evening in 1852, some young naturalists met in 

 a student's room at Uppsala and formed a botanic-zoological 

 union, the first soui-ce of our Botanical section. It was you. 

 Professor, who took the initiative in this, and during half a 

 century you have been one of the most energetic workers and 

 greatest powers. In numberless lectures you laid before us results 

 of research in lichenology, mycology, arctic plant-life, and the 

 field of botanical history, which have made your name renowned. 



