48 



render tlie bread safe from living germs by singeing the surface with a Hame. As the 

 interior of a loaf of bread is raised to nearly 100° C. in the baking, besides steam 

 being generated, the conditions are such that yeast can not live, and most bacteria 

 can not resist this prolonged steam heat. The danger in bread is not the intro- 

 duction of living germs into the system, but the introduction of ptomaines formed 

 by bacteria during the rising of the dough. As the rising is done inside of six 

 or seven hours, the danger from this source is very slight, as it would take con- 

 siderably longer than tliat time for sufhcient ptomaine to be generated to be in- 

 jurious; moreover, the yeast is there in sufficiently large quantities to check the 

 growth of any foreign organism, tliat must of necessity be there in small 

 quantities. 



Simple Apparatus for Photo-Micography. By M. J. Golden. 



Tliis device enables one to secure a photograph of a section with little loss of 

 time, and with little disturbance of the section. 



Tlie device consists of a piece of board, about an incli thick, forty inches 

 long and about twelve inches wide, to which are attached a shelf to bold the 

 microscope, and a sliding piece with a pair of brackets to carry the box of an or- 

 dinary hand camera. Under the shelf another piece of board is fastened to the 

 first, at right angles, and this assists in supporting the shelf, and series as a leg 

 to help keep the apparatus in an upright position. 



The back, leg, shelf and sliding piece may be constructed from a piece of 

 smooth pine board; and the bolts and nut used with the sliding piece are ordi- 

 nary machine ones, that may begotten at a hardware store. One of the bolts must 

 have the same pitch as the hole in the camera box, by Avhich it is fastened, to the 

 tripod. One may easily make this stand for himself, or have it made by acar- 

 ])enter at little cost. 



The lens of the camera is removed, and a funnel made of heavy, black cloth, 

 or some corresponding material having flexibility, put in place of it, so that light- 

 tio^ht connection may be made between the camera box and the eye-piece of the 

 microscope. If this cloth funnel be terminated in a small cone, made of tin or 

 paste-board, to fit over the eye-))iece, the adjustment to the microscope can, be more 

 rapidly made. 



Bv using a camera box, one can also use the ordinary plate holdej's for his 

 negatives, and he can get his focus on the ground glass. Of course, the plates 

 mav be developed at one's leisure. 



The advantage of the apparatus is that one can, with slight cost, have at 

 hand in the laboratory, means for making a permanent record of any peculiarity 

 in a section that he may find, with the expenditure of very little time. 



