56 



action of the sun until the ice on all sides had disappeared leaving an island or 

 detached portion of ice, thickly covered with rocky fragments, and often sur- 

 rounded by a deep layer of similar material left by the more rapidly melting ice. 

 The drainage channels abundant along the margin of the ice sheet often aided no 

 doubt in detaching such blocks of ice. 



As these masses melted down, their loads of debris would shoot down the 

 «ides, forming a rim, while the core, as it melted, would leave a hole or cavity, 

 often reaching much below the general level of the surface. 



Kettle holes are so characteristic in form that they may be easily recognized, 

 and are indications of morainic materials that almost anybody can appreciate and 

 understand. On the Avest side of Lake Maxinkuckee, between Marmont and the 

 Arlington station there are seven or eight kettle holes ranging from 100 to 300 feet 

 in diameter and from 4 or 5 feet to 25 feet in depth. Some have been partially cut 

 away by the lake, others are quite perfect. One near the end of Long Point has 

 been about one-half cut away, and the big ice house of Holt & Co. occupies a 

 portion of an old kettle hole. Tlie lake itself doubtless occupies a portion of an old 

 drainage channel, the deeper portions being simply old kettle holes. It is interest- 

 ing to study these remains or relics of the glacier, so symmetrical in form, so perfect 

 in outline that they seem as if made but yesterday, as if fresh from the hand of 

 the builder, making one feel sure that the ice is just over them a little way, and 

 that the hills have just barely had time to clothe themselves with verdure since 

 the ice king yielded up his scepter to the sun. 



A Relief Map of Arkansas. By T. F. Xewson. 



[Abstract.] 



In 1893 Dr. J. C. Branner constructed a relief map of Arkansas for the Ar- 

 kansas exhibit at the World's Fair. The horizontal scale used was three miles to 

 the inch ; the vertical scale was 2,000 feet to the inch. 



Topographic maps of the entire State were first made. These were cut into 

 sections, and placed on small blocks cut to fit them. Pins were driven through 

 the sections at prominent points, and were then cut to the proper vertical scale. 

 These pins were the guiding points in molding the map, which was done in or- 

 dinary molders'clay. After being molded the separate blocks were fitted together, 

 forming the complete model of clay, from which a plaster of Paris negative was 

 oaS't. From the negative the positive or final cast of the map was made. 



