IOWA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 57 



In the specimen before us the process of ossification and ankylosis is complete 

 and the subject was probably past the middle of life. The vertical ridge on 

 the anterior surface of the basi-hyal is .scarcely to be noticed; equally poorly indi- 

 cated are the lateral ridges which depart horizontally from the median line. 

 There is but one cerato-hyal and it is completely ankylosed to the basi- and thyro- 

 hyalson its side. This one ia excessively long and styliform and is also slightly 

 curved. It is in no sense a mere projection nor is it " the size of a barley-corn." 

 It is nearly six times longer than the normal structure in the normal bone. 



With respect to the missing cerato-hyal careful examination reveals no articu- 

 lating surface for it ; it probably did not exist in this subject. 



Referring now to the points of attachment of the various muscles it will be seen 

 that an exceedingly rough surface is presented to notice. It is highly probable, 

 though of this I have no personal knowledge since the specimen came into my 

 hands after complete dissection, that much of this roughness results from the 

 necessary rearrangement of the muscles and ligaments in respect to their points of 

 attachment. The area of surface for attaching them was certainly below the normal. 



ARTESIAN WELLS IN IOWA. 



BY R. ELLSWORTH CALL. 



(ABSTRACT.) 



The demand for artesian waters in the State of Iowa is not to be connected with 

 unfavorable climatal conditions. The State is well watered; a considerable 

 number of rather large streams and innumerable smaller ones combine to make it, 

 from a hydrographic standpoint, unique among prairie states. The annual rain- 

 fall is a little more than thiity-five inches and chiefly comes at a time of year when 

 every crop necessity is fully supplied. The main grounds upon which artesian 

 waters are sought, therefore, are first, the convenience of such flows for farm and 

 urban use, and second, the supposed purity of such waters. These are the prime 

 reasons which have induced exploratory drilling, the chief results of which it is the 

 purpose of this notice to record. 



About four-fifths of the area of Iowa has now been demonstrated to possess 

 artesian conditions. Most of this area lies northwards of a line which may be 

 drawn across the State, in a northwestwardly direction, from near Keokuk to Sioux 

 City, except in the igneous area indicated below. South of this somewhat arbi- 

 trary line but one or two artesian flows are known; these appear to be connected 

 with the Nebraska artesian area and are in the immediate neighborhood of the city 

 of Omaha and Council Blutts. By reference to the sketch map accompanying it 

 will be seen that the greater number of the wells lie along the Des Moines river 

 or its tributaries; this distribution, which is well marked, is to be correlated with 

 the distribution of the great terminal moraine within which most of these wells 

 are situated. This peculiarly interesting feature is further discussed beyond. The 

 very deep and permanent artesian wells lie mainly east and north of the line above 



