THE INFLUENCE OF FLOODS UPON ANIMALS 173 



Coker, Robert E., 1915. 



Water conservation, Fisheries, and Food Supply. Popular Science 

 Monthly, July, 1915. 



Under the heading "Floods and Fishes," pages 93 to 94, the author 

 speaks of the diminution of the number of fish by floods as taking place 

 in the following ways: (1) young fish being left away from the stream 

 by the overflow, (2) recently laid eggs prevented from hatching, (3) 

 the deoxygenation of the water for the young fish by turbidity. 



Reynolds, R. V. R., 1911. 



Grazing and Floods. A study of conditions in the Manti National 

 Forest, Utah. 



Bulletin 91. Forest Service, United States Department of Agricul- 

 ture, 16 pp. map and 5 pi. 



Under the heading "Damage from Floods" the statement is made 

 that floods have resulted in the destruction of many fish. All of the 

 streams or this region were formerly of cold, clear water, which never 

 became turbid, and were well stocked with trount. These fish have 

 been killed in the thick mud brought down by fioods and are now very 

 few in numbers. 



Cameron, A. E., 1913. 



General Survey the insect fauna of the soil within a limited area 

 near Manchester (England); a consideration of the relationship be- 

 tween soil insects and the physical conditions of their habitat. 



Journal Economic Biology, Vol. VIII, 159-204. 



On page 190, under the topic of "Soil Insects and Soil Moisture" 

 the author discusses the practice of artificially flooding fields as a 

 means of combatting insect pests, and states that certain wire worms 

 can live six days in water. 



Chittenden, F. H., 1904. 



Insects Injurious to the Basket Willow. Bureau of Forestry Bulletin 

 . .0. 46, pp. 63 SO. 



On pages 63 to 64 the writer emphasizes the desirability of planting 

 basket willows in land that is subject to complete inundation |or sev- 

 eral days at a time as the injurious insects rise to the surface and are 

 swept away. 



Webster, F. M., 1904. 



The Suppression and Control of the Plague of the Buffalo Gnats in 

 the Valley of the Lower Mississippi River, and the Relations thereto 

 of the Present Levee System, Irrigation in the West, and Tile Drain- 

 age in the Middle West. 



Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting for the Promotion 

 of Agricultural Science, 1904', pp. 53-72. 



The author shows how the extensive flooding of the lower Miss- 

 issippi flood plain makes it possible for these insects, Simulium V€n- 

 vntum Walker, to develop in large numbers over wide areas attached 

 to drift wood, floating logs, growing bushes, etc., in the flood water. 



