J. E. HAETING HERTFORDSniEE DEER-PAEKS. 101 



wliieli arc still maintained at the present day. Many more belong 

 to the former tlian to the latter class, and in the majority of cases 

 it is very difficult to ascertain their history. "We know that they 

 formerly existed, from the fact of their being mentioned in ancient 

 records and surveys, and marked on maps three centuries ago ; but 

 we know little else concerning many of them. Not that there is 

 nothing more to be ascertained ; for if one had access to the family 

 records of the various owners to whom they successively belonged, 

 it would no doubt be possible in time to trace the history of each. 

 This, however, would involve a considerable expenditure of time 

 and trouble, and for the present, therefore, we must be content 

 with little more than an enumeration of the localities in Hertford- 

 shire in which it has been possible to ascertain the present or past 

 existence of a park. The existing j)arks are : — 



1. Hatfield,* the seat of the Marquis of Salisbury. The manor 

 was given by James the First in the fifth year of his reign to Sir 

 Robert Cecil, afterwards 1st Earl of Salisbury, in exchange for 

 Theobalds in the parish of Cheshunt. This Earl, who died in 1612, 

 erected a stately building on this manor which is described by 

 Chauncy as " a fair palace that exceeds all the houses in this 

 county, and two large parks, one for fallow- the other for red- 

 deer, with a vineyard at the bottom of the park." 



These two parks, says Mr. Evelyn Shirley, were united by the 

 late Marquis of Salisbury, and now comprise 314 acres, beautifully 

 undulating and well wooded, with 360 head of fallow-deer.f In 

 this park, one of the largest in the county, is still standing and 

 now fenced round, the oak tree under which Elizabeth sat Avhile 

 awaiting the arrival of her troops to escort her to London to be 

 proclaimed Queen, having resided here for some years before she 

 ascended the throne.:|: It was here too that Charles the First was 

 detained for some time in custody. 



2. Cassiobuky Paiik,§ near Watford, the property of the Earl 



* Saxton, S.C. ; Chauncy, p. 308 ; Salmon, p. 210 ; Clutterbuck, vol. ii, p. 

 334; Cussans, ' Broadwater,' p. 265. 



t It was formerly the practice to keep the red-deer and fallow-deer apart in 

 parks where both species were maintained, owing to an impression that the stags 

 of the former species would kill the latter. Gervase Markham, in his edition of 

 the 'Maison Rustiqne ; or, The Countrey Farme,' printed in 1616, says 

 (chap, xix.) : " You shall not by any meanes in one parke mixe the Red-deere 

 and the Fallow-deere together, for the Red-deere is a masterfull beast, and when 

 the time of bello^ving cometh, he grows fierce and outragious, so that hee will 

 be entire lord of the field, and will kill the Fallow-deere if they hut crosse him 

 in his walke ; and therefore each must be kept severally in severall parkes." 



That such was the practice in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is proved 

 by the "Red-deer Parks," distinct from parks for fallow-deer, which are found 

 in many of the great places of England, such as Badminton in Gloucestershire, 

 and Grimsthorpe in Lincolnshire, where separate parks for the different kinds of 

 deer were formerly kept up. The present practice appears to be generally to 

 allow both red- and fallow-deer to be together, the danger alluded to by Markham 

 having been proved to be exaggerated, if not without foundation. 



i See 'Trans. Watford Nat. Hist. Soc' Vol. II, p. 11. 



§ Saxton, S.W.; Chaimcy,p. 482; Salmon, p. 105 ; Clutterbuck, vol. i, p. 236; 

 Cussans, ' Cassio,' p. 167. 



