SESSION 1893-91. xxix 



iniplemonts occur, tlio lowest being tlic Palooolitluc floor or old 

 land-surface, Avitli ilint tools varyiui;- in colour "from ■whitish-grey 

 to dark grey, grey indigo, or indigo-blackish," nearly all being 

 lustrous ; the middle layer having porcellanous, white, or whitish 

 implements, flakes, and cores, identical in age with the implements 

 found on the true "floor"; and the upper layer having generally 

 ochreoiis implements — yellow, brownish, speckled, creamy, or 

 ochreous-whitish — and all slightly abraded. The tools in this 

 layer ditfer in their nature from those below, and Mr. Smith 

 believes that they are of different age, showing a second occupation 

 of the spot by primeval man ; while the presence of Neolithic tools 

 in the surface-soil shows a third and much more recent occupancy, 

 for there must have been a considerable interval of time between 

 the period when man made implements by merely chipping off 

 flakes of flint and that when he rounded and polished stones of 

 various kinds. 



This neighboTirhood was again inhabited in Roman and in Saxon 

 times, for in one of the Caddington pits numerous fragments of 

 Roman pottery have been found ; in other places near have been 

 discovered cinerary urns, stones used, when heated, for pot-boilers, 

 and numerous other relics attesting the early occupation of the 

 country ; and by the side of the road from Caddington to Zouches 

 Farm was seen a large Saxon tumulus not marked on the Ordiiance 

 map. Close to Zouches Farm was also seen an old pasture believed 

 to have been a place for making bricks or tiles in Mediaeval or 

 perhaps Roman times. It was pointed out that in the construction 

 of the farm-house, notably in the chimney, Roman tiles were used, 

 which it was thought might have been obtained from excavations 

 on the site, or more probably from an older building which the 

 present house has replaced. 



Zouches Farm is on the Dunstable Downs, and a little farther 

 on, oveiiooking Dunstable, but still in Hertfordshire, some hollows 

 in the hill-side were pointed out by Mr. Smith, who stated that 

 they were the remains of early British hut-foundations, of which, 

 till lately, there were twenty-four, but eight of the best had been 

 destroyed. In one of them he had found the greater part of a 

 human skeleton. Deep excavations were, he explained, made by 

 these primitive inhabitants, and were roofed in with skins, etc., 

 these hollows forming more effectual shelter than tents erected 

 on the natural surface of the ground. 



From this jwint, some 600 feet above sea-level, and about 

 the horizon of the Chalk Rock, is an extensive "^dew to the north 

 and west, embracing Dunstable, Maiden Bower (an early British 

 camp), the Five Knolls (ancient tumuli), and Kensworth Hill 

 (800 feet), on the Middle Chalk ; Totternhoe, with its beacon-hill 

 and evidences of early British and Roman occupation, on the Lower 

 Chalk ; and beyond, a Gault plain bounded by distant hills of 

 Lower Green sand. 



The steep hill was descended in a heavy shower, from which 

 a hedge -bank on the boundary- between Herts and Beds afforded a 



