86 Kansas Academy of Science. 



described, and following the outcrop, which is mainly south to the 

 head of the ravine on the west side of section 11, to where the road 

 crosses the ravine and a big spring comes out of the shale below 

 the Cottonwood limestone. At this place the layer on the east side 

 of the ravine is much lower than on the west side, and if followed 

 its olitcrop passes near by the railroad pond, reaching nearly to the 

 surface of the water of the west one, the fall here being some fifty 

 feet in a half mile, about 2° dif). Following it around a sort of 

 mound, we find it on the north side of the railroad track, fifty yards 

 west of the Whter tanks. The limestone over the Florena shale ap- 

 pears at the railroad crossing. The Cottonwood appears just west 

 of the cut at the pond, and may be seen in the outcrop to the west 

 and northeast. The outcrop may be seen on the hill just east of 

 the pond, forty feet above the water level. Here the dip is to the 

 west, the opposite of the way it is at the east pond. The railroad 

 runs northeast and southwest near tbe center of section 11, town- 

 ship 28, range 8. This appears to be a synclinal valley about a mile 

 wide, running northeast and southwest. It is nearly two miles from 

 outcrop to outcrop of Cottonwood. 



After crossing the divide to Elk river Fusulina appear in the 

 limestone at the top of the Florena shales, especially the lower 

 part; the stone is soft and yellow in appearance, quite like the Cot- 

 tonwood limestone. At the head of Elk river this formation is 

 seen nicely in a quarry, and here the lower part of it is quite im- 

 pure. Near where the Elk river cuts through the Cottonwood 

 limestone an excellent blutf for studying the layers is found. Here 

 the stratum of Cottonwood limestone is found to be five and one- 

 half feet thick, the dirt above being filled with Fiisvliria. This 

 stratum breaks up here into boulders resembling the normal Cot- 

 tonwood limestone at Cottonwood Falls. Further north the bottom 

 part of the stratum shows on the outcrop rugged and rough, the top 

 part maintaining more of the appearance of normal Cottonwood. 

 The underlying calcareous shale, which is conspicuously noticeable 

 to the north just beneath the Cottonwood limestone, seems to have 

 become an impure limestone, very hard, containing iron, and some- 

 times described as "knotty." 



Between sections 30 and 31, township 29, range 9, an examination 

 of the limestone being made at the head of a small creek running 

 into Elk river, two layers of limestone appear above the Cottonwood 

 to the top of the hill, the rugged and the flagging layers both 

 making some escarpment, but not very marked, the flagging layer 

 being the less noticeable of the two. From the railroad cut de- 

 scribed to the north the limestone above the Florena shale has be- 



