Geological Papers. 213 



The system marking this level consists of the main stream, fol- 

 lowing approximately the present Wakarusa, and three branches 

 from the north, viz. : The Auburn branch, which came over from 

 Mission creek by a col. east of Dover, and down the present 

 North branch, past Auburn; the Pauline, or Lynn creek, branch, 

 which came over from Shunganunga creek, east of Burnett's mound, 

 ran south and southeast a little north of Pauline, and then divided, 

 part continuing southeast and the other turning more east, past 

 Berry ton and Tevis; the Stull branch, which came over the divide 

 north of that place and followed the present course of Deer creek. 

 The summit of these deposits is about 100 feet above the present 

 streams toward the west, and less than eighty feet toward the 

 mouth of the Wakarusa. From U. S. topographic maps and barom- 

 eter readings, the following altitudes have been calculated: Col. 

 east of Dover, 1050 A. T.; top of terrace near Auburn, 1100; top of 

 ridge east of Burnett's mound, about 1050; top of alluvium cover- 

 ing channel, north of Pauline, 1030; the same southwest of Clinton, 

 950. At the latter place a good cross-section of the old filled 

 trough is shown, by a more recent diversion of the stream to the 

 north. It is about forty feet deep and one-third of a mile wide. 

 The lower Oread limestone forms its bottom and the upper Oread 

 the banks on either side. 



5. Lower terraces are locally developed, and the present stream 

 is twenty-five to thirty feet below the present narrow flood plain. 



DISCUSSION OF THESE FEATURES. 



A study of these features promises to be more satisfactory if we 

 begin with the simpler first. This will be the direct reverse of 

 chronological order. The lower terraces are easily understood and 

 comparatively unimportant. 



1. The lower bouldery terrace, from structure and position, 

 shows clear evidences of having been formed when the ice sheet 

 was close at hand. The flowing of copious streams over the divide 

 between the Wakarusa and the Kansas shows conclusively that the 

 valley of the latter was effectually blocked in some way, doubtless 

 by the marginal portion of the great ice sheet of the so-called Kan- 

 san epoch of the glacial period. The excavation of the channels 

 was evidently done by the water from the ice. The Auburn branch 

 was probably an outlet from a glacial lake in the Mission creek 

 valley, the Pauline branch one from a similar lake in the Shunga- 

 nunga valley, and the Stull branch probably came directly from 

 the edge of the ice. The second was the largest and longest occu- 

 pied. In other words, they might be considered "valley trains" 



