82 Kansas Academy of Science. 



ovulary), and within it the seeds are matured. Seeds contain an embryo- 

 or minute future plant with cotyledons one or two. 



Usually surrounding the gynoecium, when the plant is bisexual, are to 

 be found a whorl of stamens or androphyls, called an androecium, each 

 member of which bears at its summit an anther holding one or two double 

 (rarely one single) androsporangia, which develop and hold the pollen 

 (androspores) ; these are discharged at the proper time through specially 

 prepared openings. Each androspore contains one or more nonmotile 

 sperms. 



Pollination is the act of a pollen-grain (androspore) alighting' on the 

 stigma (a specialized portion of the tip of a carpel), germinating there, 

 and sending out a pollen-tube, which penetrates the tissues of the carpel 

 along a specially prepared path, cleared for the passage of the pollen-tube 

 and for no other purpose; and finally, on reaching an ovule in an ovulary 

 near the foot of the carpel, the pollen-tube enters the ovule by its orifice 

 (the micropyle or "little gate"), or rarely at the chalaza, after which it 

 penetrates the nucellus and passes through the wall of the gynospore or 

 embryo-sac, carrying with it two sperm cells. 



Fertilization is effected by one of these sperm cells from the end of a 

 pollen-tube coming in contact with the nucleus of an egg-cell in the em- 

 bryo-sac (gynospore) within an ovule (gynosporangium) and fusion with it. 

 The other sperm-cell may unite with the definitive nucleus to form the 

 endosperm. The limits of such double fertilization are not yet known, but 

 it is believed to be general, if not universal, in anthophytes. 



When the gynoecium is surrounded on the same flower by an androecium, 

 the flowers are called perfect; in case the gynoecia and androecia are in 

 different flowers on the same plant, the plant is monoecious; when such 

 flowers are on different plants or trees, such plants or trees are dioecious. 



Flowers in anthophytes are nearly always surrounded by specially 

 formed protecting leaves. In the Glumiferse such protecting leaves are 

 called scales, glumes, palets, perigynia, bracts, etc. Such flowers are al- 

 ways anemophilous, pollenized by the wind. In the Petaliferee and dicotyls 

 such protecting leaves are called perianth, which consists of two whorls 

 called calyx and corolla, the several members of which are sepals and petals, 

 either or both of which may be found enveloping a flower. The inner 

 whorl, the petals, are prominent, high-colored and showy, to attract in- 

 sects. Such flowers are entomophilous (insect-loving), pollenized by in- 

 sects. Outside of the calyces, subtending groups of compound flowers, are 

 to be found special systems of green leaves forming an involucre, the 

 members of which are bracts, scales, etc. 



Subphylum DD. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Monocotyls. 

 Single-seed-leaf Anthophytes. 

 Stems endogenous, with no distinction or separation into wood, bark, or 

 pith, and without medullary-ray plates. Plants represent continuous 

 growth and formation at once, the accretions of new material being made 

 all through the interior, which consists of a mass of soft parenchymatous 

 tissue, interspersed with closed bundles of fibrovascular ducts (wood cells). 

 Leaves (mostly laminodia and phyllodia, the blades being as flattened and 

 modified petioles, rarely with laminae at their tips) alternate, entire; nerva- 



