Miscellaneous Papers. . 159 



the Kaw at Manhattan and all streams tributary to the Kaw be- 

 tween Lawrence and Manhattan. This reinforcement could have 

 come only from the ground water. 



No. 2 shows the condition during a dry time, when if it were 

 not for the stored ground water reinforcing the Kaw it would go 

 dry in a few days. 



No. 3 shows the condition that exists when there is a suddin 

 rise in the river sufficient to make the water level much higher in 

 the stream than in the wells. It is this condition that gives the 

 appearance of the river flowing back through the sand into the 

 ground, for the water commences at once to rise in the wells. From 

 the opinion of many eminent geologists, and from a study of the 

 chlorine curve of the river during March, 1912, when this condition 

 existed, I can but conclude that the river does not flow back to the 

 wells, but the raise in the bed is sufficient to create enough head 

 so that the ground water can not enter the river, so must back up 

 in the water-bearing sand and gravel, exactly like any large stream 

 will back up a smaller when the rise comes quickly in the large 

 stream. 



No. 4 represents the condition that existed after the floods of 

 1903, 1904 and 1908, when the river receded rapidly after an ex- 

 tended period of high water, and the ground-water level had risen 

 with the heavy rains and been held in the ground by the flooded 

 streams. At the times mentioned water could be obtained easily 

 by removing the surface soil and scooping out a few inches of sand 

 or gravel. 



A few days after the river went down the ground- water level 

 commenced to lower, and continued to do so slowly until the con- 

 dition shown by the first sketch was again established. 



These facts, stated as briefly as possible, seem to prove to the 

 writer, at least, that the Kaw can not affect the ground water in the 

 b jttoms. 



