44 Kansas Academy of Science. 



rusa. Most of the water skirted the edge of the ice at Shun- 

 ganimga creek, southwest of Topeka, where most of it ran 

 over the divide past Pauline and southeast to the Wakarusa. 

 Another stream broke over the divide near the head of Deer 

 creek. All these are marked by bowlder-filled channels, or by 

 terraces. They are about 100 feet higher than the present 

 streams. 



On similar evidence, though considerably less complete, we 

 believe another lake was formed by the ice shutting off the Big 

 Blue at Irving, This would explain the distribution of bowl- 

 ders west of the Little Blue in Washington county. In this the 

 water rose probably, for a short time only, about 1,400 feet 

 above the sea. 



As the water sought a way around through the Wakarusa 

 valley it may have cut across the valleys and intervening divide 

 of some southern tributaries of the Kansas. Waterfalls and 

 rapids doubtless marked the early stages of this stream. The 

 unusual height of bowlders south of Clinton may have been due 

 to local ponding. The narrow valley southwest of Lawrence 

 may have been attended with a fine waterfall, and the width of 

 the valley just east is doubtless a result of the easy erosion of 

 the thick Lawrence shales. 



The ice sheet evidently lay so close to the bluff at Kansas 

 City, Mo., that the Kansas river flowed for a time through the 

 valley south of the central part of the city, although, very 

 strangely, but few northern erratics have been found in the 

 valley thus far. 



There is some evidence that the ice sheet in Kansas was 

 more or less lobular in form, at least after it passed over the 

 divide into the Kansas valley. One lobe passed down the Black 

 Vermillion to Irving, another down the Red Vermillion to 

 Wamego, another down the Big and Little Soldier to Topeka, 

 another down the Grasshopper to Perry, and another down the 

 Big Stranger to Linwood and Lenape. All these, except the 

 first, were pretty closely merged together, but between the 

 last mentioned, which reached east of Edwardsville, and 

 another lobe, which pushed into the -western part of Kansas 

 City, Kan., there is quite a reentrant angle which is fairly 

 driftless. It will be noticed that the striae agree with this 

 view. 



The culmination of the Kansan stage did not last very long. 



