Hiatory of Kaiv Lake. 189 



(2) They seem to be limited to areas below 1,150 feet A. T. 

 This is true particularly on the south and west sides of the 

 basin. The blufls to the north and east of the Big Blue and 

 north of the basin show them at much higher levels. South 

 of the Kansas, also, bowlders are very abundant and are often 

 of large size, in a continuation of the bowlder belt before 

 mentioned. They rise above 1,200 feet A. T. and are sharply 

 limited on the southwest by an old valley extending along the 

 line of the east branch of Antelope creek and Paw Paw creek 

 to Mill creek. West of that valley and south of the Kansas 

 they are not found, except in the valley of Deep creek and 

 below the old lake surface, 1,150 A. T. 



(3) They are scattered in the bottom and sides of an old 

 channel, which runs underneath the Agricultural College 

 grounds and north to the Big Blue. There they are deeply 

 covered with loesslike silt. They have not been found higher 

 than the old lake level, not occurring on the hill on which the 

 city reservoir stands. I have been informed that some have 

 been found about nine miles southwest of Manhattan, but have 

 been unable to verify the statement. Mr. Robert Hay states 

 that a few were found as far west as Fort Riley. 



(4) In the valley across the divide between Kansas river 

 and Mill creek, as has already been implied, they are very 

 abundant. The bottom of the old valley where exposed by 

 erosion is literally paved with medium-sized bowlders, one to 

 three feet in diameter. 



(5) A somewhat similar valley nearly parallel with it, 

 leading from Antelope to Pretty creek, a tributary of Mill 

 creek, although 50 to 75 feet lower than the one just men- 

 tioned, has no northern bowlders in it, except toward the 

 southern end, where it approaches the other valley. This 

 lower valley shows signs of recent active erosion. It affords 

 the easiest route for the railroad to traverse the high divide. 



4. Sand and Silt. 



We should speak more explicitly of the distribution of the 

 sands and clays to which we have repeatedly referred. Be- 

 tween the Union Pacific railway, which follows the river, and 

 the high bluffs which form the north rim of the old lake basin 

 are deep deposits of sand below and a loesslike silt above. 

 The sand is more conspicuous on the surface just west of the 

 bowldery belt. This may be in part due to the wind raising it 



