Semi-Centennial Volume. 93 



the vicinity of Estes Park. Fall river tumbles in a series of cascades 

 over the successive ridges of this moraine down a total distance of five 

 hundred feet. In general appearance, these morainic ridges greatly re- 

 semble similar ridges in the bluffs south of Whitewater, Wis., belonging 

 to the moraine of the Wisconsin glacier. 



Beyond the terminal moraine of Fall river valley the melting glacier 

 left a lake four miles long and half a mile wide. This in time became 

 filled with sediment and is now Horseshoe park. On either side of the 

 park are weak lateral moraines. 



Perhaps the most unique glacial phenomena are shown in the valley of 

 Roaring river, a small stream which joins Fall river from the north 

 near the head of Horseshoe park. The glacier which plowed its way 

 down Fall river valley carried a heavy body of ice, which cleaned out 

 the valley from mountain to mountain on either side and cut very deep, 

 ?o deep that Roaring river was left with its mouth two hundred feet 

 above the level of the main stream, and is compelled to reach it down a 

 series of waterfalls. Above these falls the river descends two thousand 

 feet in five miles, so rapids and waterfalls characterize the stream nearly 

 to its source. The glacier that plowed out the valley of this river must 

 have been comparatively weak, for even with its high gradient it did 

 not cut as deeply as the one which filled Fall river valley. The weakness 

 of the glacier is still further shown by the number of recessional mo- 

 raines between the mouth and the source of the stream. The ice river 

 flowed to its junction with the main glacier for unknown thousands of 

 years, in what the geologist terms a hanging valley; then as warmer 

 years succeeded colder years it repeatedly melted back longer distances 

 and advanced shorter distances, till it retreated to its mountain source 

 in the ridge connecting Mount Fairchild and Hague's peak, and ceased to 

 exist as an ice river. The final retreat of this glacier may be seen to-day 

 in a cirque, at the base of the ridge, scoured smooth by the ice. 



Just in front of the last recessional moraine of this glacier, at a level 

 five hundred feet below its summit, is Lawn lake, and back of the moraine 

 in hollows in the rock are two or three small bodies of water termed 

 lakes. Snow drifts lie here and there, but with no indication of flowage 

 except in one drift high up on the sides of Mount Fairchild. This has 

 the ribbed appearance later seen on the surface of Hallett's glacier. 



Part of the ice that pushed beyond Lawn lake may have crossed over 

 into Black canyon through a low place in the divide now occupied in part 

 by small lakes. This will account for the weakness of Roaring river 

 glacier in the lower part of its course. At about the place of division of 

 Roaring river glacier the right or western arm of this ice river en- 

 countered a low mountain, and divided, passing around the mountain and 

 uniting below it. This mountain was thus a Nunatak in a field of ice. 

 Most of the water flows at present on the eastern side, but a small lake 

 was seen in the western valley. 



Hallett's glacier was the last objective in this August vacation. Our 

 party, consisting of a nephew, two daughters, a minister and the writer, 

 climbed the ridge connecting Hague's peak with Mummy mountain, from 

 the cirque of Roaring river glacier up a slope covered so thickly with 



