168 DR. C. CHILTON ON THE SUBTEREANEAN 



A. DE LA Valette St. George [112], ill 1857, publislied a very minute account of tlie external and 

 internal anatomy of the well-sbrimps found at Cologne and Munich. He calls the species examined by 

 him Gammarus imteanus, but they are referred by Bate and Westwood to Niphargus aquilex, Schiiidte 

 [4, i. p. 315]. His work is illustrated by fine figures, and among other points he draws attention to the 

 sense-organs found on the autenuse, remarking, howevei', that the caleeoli increase in size towards the 

 end of the antennse, which, as Stebbing points out [108, p. 304], is certainly not the case iu all 

 Ampliipoda. 



C. Chyzer, iu 1858 [28, p. 4], announces Toth's finding Gammarus puteanus and G. fossarwm, Koch, 

 " im Orczy-Garten zu Pest." 



C. Spence Bate [6] in 1859, in a paper on the genus Niphargus, Schiodte, establishes two new 

 species, A^. fontanus and N. Kochianus, and also describes a new genus, Crangony.r, with the species 

 C. subterraneus. Some discussion on the genus Crangonyx will be found further on (pp. 215-326). 



R. M. Bruzelius [17], in 1859, established the new genus Eriupis, vi'\t\x the species E. elongata, 

 " habitat in loeis profundis maris Bohusise." The genus Eriopis is evidently very close to Niphargus, 

 Schiodte, with which it was identified by Boeck. Stebbing also accepts this view; Wrzesniowski, how- 

 ever, retains it as a separate genus, but alters the name to Eriojjsis, as Eriojns was preoccupied [124, 

 p. 634]. 



A. R. HoGAN [59 and 60], in 1859, published a paper on the habits, food-supply, and habitat of the 

 species described by Spence Bate, viz., Niphargus Kochianus, N. fontanus, and Crangomjx subterraneus. 

 In his notice of this paper Stebbing mentions that specimens of Niphargus aquikw, from a well near 

 Tunbridge Wells, lived in his (Stebbing's) room from January 1886 till March 3rd, 1880, wheu they all 

 died at about the same time, perhaps from the coldness of the night. Although they were very active 

 in walking aljout the bottom of their jar, Stebbing never saw them attempt to swim. Another set of 

 about a dozen were placed in a small jar on June 15th, 1880. Two were females with eggs ; these died 

 within a couple of days, surrounded by some rapidly developed parasitic growth ; the others lived on for 

 a considerable time, the last not dying until November 24th, 1880 [108, p. 310]. Wrzesniowski [124, 

 p. 604] refers to these observations on the habits of Niphargus aquilex in captivity as though they had 

 been made by Hogan — a mistake natural enough, considering the way in which they are incorporated 

 with the notice of Hogan's paper. Hogan published another paper on the same subject in 1801 [00]. 



Johannes Lachmann [71], in 1859, describes parasites found in the intestine of the well-shrimp {Gam- 

 tuarus puteanus) , the name being, however, misspelt "Grammarus" throughout the paper. The parasites 

 are said to belong to the puzzling group of the Gregarines. (Quoted from Stebbing [108, p. 317].) 



Joseph Schobl [92] in 1800 published an elaborate monogra^ih, illustrated by 10 plates, on " Typhlo- 

 niscus — eine neue bliude Gattuug der Crustacea Isopoda," in which he describes the new species Typhlo- 

 niscus Steinii. This species, which belongs to the Oniscidse, is not an inhabitant of wells or caves, but 

 lives, like Platyarthrus, iu ants' nests. It, however, resembles cave-species in the want of eyes, colour of 

 the body, &c., and has been often mentioned as a blind Isopod along with Titanethes albus. This 

 species was afterwards referred to Platyarthrus Huffmannseggii by Budde-Lund [18, p. 199]. 



Victor Sill [100], in 1861, repeats Koch's description of^ Gammarus puteanus, but without adding 

 anything new. 



Spence Bate, in the 'Catalogue of the Amphipoda in the British Museum,' published iu 1862 [5], 

 gives the following subterranean species, all of which have been already referred to : — Niphargus stygius, 

 SeliiiJdte, with which he combines N. aquilex, Schiodte (though on further examination this was retained 

 as a separate species) ; N. fontanus, Spence Bate; N. Kochianus, Spence Bate; N. puteanus, Koch; Cran- 

 qonyx subterraneus, Spence Bate; and C. Ermannii= Gammarus Ermannii, M.ilne-l!ldwa,rd&. He leaves 

 Gammarus pungens, Milne-Edwards, under the genus Ganmiarus, but adds as a footnote, " This species 

 appears closely to resemble a Niphargus " [5, p. 217]. 



