THE CEANIAL NERVES AND LATERAL SENSE ORGANS OF FISHES. 137 



frustra connuhium cum glossopharynyeo qucusivi, quamquam semper usque ad par qmntum 

 persequi potui n. symp., in citjus gangllo fiiiem Uahet." (Italics mine.) The statement 

 above re the vagus is of course eri-oneous, but it is interesting to note that Giltay did 

 not regard the facial (= a portion of his trigeminal) ganglion as belonging to the 

 sympathetic system. Tliis, however, was done by Biichner (1835, 36) in " Cyprinus 

 bnrhus'" { = Barbus i^ulyaris), who describes as the first sympathetic ganglion what is 

 undoubtedly my facial ganglion. Stannius (1842, 198) does the same for " Gadns 

 callarias," and also describes a sympathetic anastomosis with the glossopharyugeus, 

 whilst Bonsdorff (IStG, 30) goes stil! further, and not only considers the facial ganglion 

 to belong to the sympathetic system, but compares it with the otic ganglion of mammals — 

 a clever suggestion which should by no means be summarily rejected. 



In his general ^^ork (1849, 199), Stannius largely recapitulates the results of his 

 former pajier, but adds very considerably to the information there given. He adheres 

 to his first interpretation, and further describes the anterior palatine as arising from the 

 facial ganglion, but failed to determine the relations of the posterior palatine and the 

 cephalic sympathetic. He was thus largely in agreement \\ ith his predecessors. Swan 

 (J864, 205) states that the cephalic sympathetic of the Cod is connected with the vagus, 

 glossopharyngeal, and " trigeminal " nerves, and figures these connections ; and Owen 

 (186G, 149, pp. 320-321), treating of the sympathetic of Tishes, says: "The first or 

 anterior couununication of this nerve, in tbe Cod, is with a branch of the fifth, and a 

 filament is sent forward to the ciliary gaiiylion .... Ganglions [/. e. sympathetic] are 

 sometimes found at the junction of the sympathetic toith the ffth, as well as at that with 

 the glossopharyngeal and with the vagus, before the great splanchnic is formed : small 

 ganglions are more rarely discernible at the junction of the sympathetic with the spinal 

 nerves." (Italics mine.) Baudelot (1883, 16) describes the first sympathetic ganglion of 

 tlie Perch as " applique au-dessous de la branche anterieure du trijuraeau," and 

 says that the cephalic sympathetic communicates behind witli the glossopharyugeus and 

 vams. 



The two papers published by Gaskell in 1886 and 1889 (82 & 83) have great theoretical 

 importance, and I quite agree with Strong (204, p. 209) that " it is upon lines of work 

 approaching those of Gaskell that, in my opinion, the most fruitful results Avill be obtained." 

 Gaskell's studies were unfortunatelj confined principally to Mammals, which has necessarily 

 caused him to overlook several points and to make some errors. His methods have already 

 to a certain extent been applied to the lower Vertebrates by Strong and other American 

 zoolof'ists, and many important results have been obtained. In his first work Gaskell 

 emphasized the fact that besides the dorsal and ventral roots of a metameric nerve there 

 was also a morphologicjil third root — the visceral, sympathetic, or lateral root. The visceral 

 sensory fibres have a different origin from the motor fibres, the former probably arising in 

 the case of the posterior cranial nerves largely from the funiculus solitarius. Referring to 

 the distribution of the visceral nerves, Gaskell says (82, p. 11) : " From the upper cervical 

 re" ion they pass out [i. e. from the central nervous system] in a single stream to the 

 ganglia on the main stems of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves." Again, in the 

 section] " On the relation of the posterior root ganglia to the visceral nerves," be 



