OF THE SKULL IN TILE AMPHIBIA UEODELA. 185 



strongly binds the suspensorium and its pedicle, and then runs directly forwards as a 

 round-pointed tongue, which does not nearly meet the maxillary, that hone being short. 



The palatines are like those of the last kind ; they are long flaps of bone, running back 

 from their union with the vomers, and are serrated with small teeth along their inner 

 edge ; the right bar has a separate postpalatine detached from, and one third the length 

 of, the main piece*. 



The left bar reaches further back than the other, even with its additional piece. The 

 fore palate is not so extensive as in Notophthalmm, the palatine plate of the vomers 

 being less ; each bone is rimmed round the oval middle nasal space. The premaxillary 

 and maxillaries (px, mx) are quite similar to the last ; but the jugal process of the max- 

 illary is much shorter and the bones are stouter. 



The nasal process of the premaxillary is grooved and pitted in front ; the building 

 together of the fore face and nasal openings is shown in a front view (fig. 6, n.px, na, e.n). 

 On the right side two small irregular septo-maxillaries (s.mx) are seen resting on the 

 maxillary ; on the left side there is a small grain resting on the alinasal cartilage. 



The ectethmoid (e.eth) is a very strong wedge, finishing the antero-superior region of 

 the orbit, and pierced for the orbito-nasal nerve (fig. 3. 5). 



Each nasal (u) has a crescentic notch in front and an oval lobe behind. Their rough 

 common suture shows two lozenge-shaped gaps that communicate with the internasal 

 recess. 



The frontals (/) are strong, and give off a thick scabrous postorbital process from their 

 orbital rim and plate ; the squamosal (sq) forms a squamous suture with this process. 



The parietals (p) are about equal in size to the frontals, and each bone has a strong 

 transverse ridge behind the temporal fossa, which is triangular ; it is scooped behind 

 this ridge. The frontal, coronal, and sagittal sutures are very irregular and coarsely 

 toothed. 



As in the last, the squamosal (sq) is a large T-shaped bone, carinate, both along its 

 outer edge above, and down its preopercular bar in front and below. The paraspheuoid 

 (pa.s) gradually widens to the interauditory region, and then suddenly narrows again to 

 its transverse end close in front of the odontoid notch ; it gently bulges along the basi- 

 cranial floor. 



The mandible (figs. 1 & 5) is a very stout bar, which is arched upwards as well as 

 outwards. The dentary (d) nearly reaches the condyle outside, and the deep trough- 

 shaped articulare (ar) helps it to form the coronoid process. The splenial (sp) is a long 

 f-shapcd splint, following the curve of the dentigerous ridge of the dentary ; it is pointed 

 at both ends ; the condyle is cylindroidal. 



The hyobranchial apparatus closely resembles that of Notophthalmm, but has some 

 curious differences. Every part is stouter; the hypohyals (h.hi/) look forwards; the 

 1st epi- and ceratobranchials (e.br 1 , c.br 1 ) are not fused, either with each other or 

 with the 2nd cerato-branchial (c.br) ; and this bar is also ossified. The thyrohyals, 

 formed from the 2nd basibranchial (b.br-), are better formed than in the last; the 



* The suture is not drawn in fie. 2. 



