IN CERTAIN LEPIDOPTEEA. 267 



edge is provided with seven appendages, which all rise free from one another. Between these lies the 

 penis, which, as if pressed together, has a sharp edge above and below. 



"In Thais Hypsipyle the valves are turned towards one another at the end, open above and below, 

 toothed along the upper edge, and armed along the under edge with a sharp spine; the lateral appendages,, 

 and the spine at the back, arc very small, and, indeed, scarcely visible. Parnassius Apo/lohas the valves 

 puffed out, and gaping wide open ; the lateral appendages are entirely free, of the same length [eens zoo 

 /any], and in the form of two half-sheaths; the back-spine is broad, and ends in two short points. 

 Eurycus Cressida has two flat valves placed on the under side of the body, which are covered from above 

 by the last two abdomen-segments, and show on their inner edge, close to the joint, an indentation. 

 The penis is pointed, and longer than the valves. Doritis Apollina has two little pointed valves, also 

 placed under the last two segments." 



The work is illustrated by eighteen figures of: the sexual parts of eight species, on a 

 scale considerably smaller than mine. They are thus distributed : — 



Ornithoptera Amphrisius. . . 3 figs. Thais Hypsipyle 2 figs. 



Papilio Coon 3 ,, Parnassius Apollo 2 ,, 



Liris 2 ,, Doritis Apollina 2 ,, 



Leptocircus Curius 2 ,, Eurycus Cressida 2 „ 



It so happens that not a single species illustrated by Dr. De Haan is identical with 

 any one of mine ; though two approach very nigh, viz. his 0. Amphrisius to 0. Bha- 

 damanthus*, and P. Coon to P. Boubledayi. 



My own attention was first directed to the subject when, examining the anatomy of 

 the remarkable genus Euryades, I referred for comparison to the structure of the genital 

 organs in Papilio and Ornithoptera. The elaborate apparatus which I found hidden 

 beneath the valves, like delicate surgical instruments in their protecting cases, drew me 

 on into the examination of one species after another, until I had studied and figured 

 nearly a hundred members of these two genera. 



Dr. Buchanan White says t : — " I regret very much that, from Avant of material, I have 

 been unable to examine, amongst the llhopalocera, any but European species. It is 

 much to be desired that some one, who has at his command a large collection of the 

 butterflies of all regions, should investigate, more extensively than I have been able to do, 

 the structure of the genital armature." 



Nothing, unless it be the exquisite beauty of the workmanship, is so astounding as 

 the variety, in form and detail, presented by these hidden instruments. Out of the 

 number that I have examined, 1 have not found any two species whose apparatus is 

 alike, or even so nearly alike that a moment's observation is not sufficient to show the 

 difference. I do not think this rule of diversity holds in respect of other important 

 organs. I do not know that microscopic examination would show that the antenna?, or 

 the tarsi, or the spiracles, vary markedly in every species % . 



* Perhaps his Amphrisius is the species which in M. Lucas's ' Lepid. Exot.' is so named in the plate, but lihadu- 

 nanthns in the text. It is certainly not the AmpJirysus of Cramer's plate 219. 



t <>i>. cit. p. 366. 



$ " Aueune autre partie du corps des papillons ne denote des variations si nombrouses que la terminalo avec les 

 organcs nenitaux des deux sexes; variabilite qui ne nous permet pas de nous occuper de ce sujet d'une facon plus 

 ge'nerule, parce que son explication detaillec est l'objet d'une monographic spe'ciale." — De. Bukmeister, Lepid. d. 1. 

 B«p. Anj. p. 21. 



38* 



