46 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 



marble standing out of the earth one, two and three feet; some pieces of it upwards of six feet in 

 diameter." 



Lewis and Clark, whose expedition passed up the lower part of the Missouri in 

 1804, besides noticing that this region had limestone in it, only give the further 

 geological information that the bars of the Missouri river had pebbles of pit coal, 

 and that the bluffs of the river were "cliffs of yellow clay." 



Major Zebulon Montgomery Pike's expedition, in 1805-6-7. spont much time in 

 Kansas, but gives no geological information, simply referring to reported minerals 

 and salines. 



Henry R. Schoolscraft, who spent some time in this Western territory, 1818-19, 

 has this remarkable statement: "Volcanic mountains are reported to exist on the* 

 waters of the Kansas." 



In 1819-20 Major Long was sent out by the Government, and by his direction 

 Prof. Thomas Say, accompanied by Mr. Jessup, a geologist, was sent through north- 

 eastern Kansas to make geological investigations. Mr. Jessup noted the horizontal 

 position of the strata of limestone and their prolific yield of fossils, and their 

 "connection with coal strata." He concluded that the formations were of "second- 

 ary" age. This was when the main geologic divisions were known as primary, 

 transition, secondary, tertiary, and alluvial. A map accompanies the report, and a 

 line on it through what are now the counties of Pottawatomie and Wabaunsee is 

 designated as "the western limit of the limestone and coal strata connected with the 

 Ozark mountains." West of this is marked "deep, sandy alluvion," and then, stretch- 

 ing to the mountains, is located the " Great American Desert.'^ 



The two expeditions led by Capt. John C.Fremont (1842-3-4) passed up the Kaw, 

 Smoky and Republican valleys. The geological collections were placed in the hands 

 of Prof. James Hall, of New York, who in the report published in 184.5 gives figures 

 of some fossils. Some of these, obtained by the expedition on the Smoky Hill river 

 about longitude 98°, are said to be probably of Cretaceous age. 



In 1849, Capt. Howard Stansbury located the military road from Fort Leavenworth 

 by way of the Big Blue and Fort Kearney to Salt Lake. Collections of fossils were 

 made in northeast Kansas and west in Nebraska. Prof. Hall reports on those as far 

 as the Blue as belonging to the Upper Carboniferous period. Beyond the Blue, cre- 

 taceous rocks were reported. 



Capt. Marcy's report (1852) of the expedition to the Red river refers to the exist- 

 ence of gypsum north of the Arkansas river (in Kansas). 



Reports on the geology of Missouri give some notice of Kansas formations near 

 the boundary of the two States. That of Prof. G. C. Swallow, in 1855, refers to the 

 position of the Loess on the Missouri river, and also to the similarity of the rock 

 strata on each side of the river where it touches Kansas. 



Prof. Swallow and Maj.F.Hawn, in 1858, published an extract from the Transac- 

 tions of the Academy of Science, under the title of "The Rocks of Kansas." Speci- 

 mens collected by these gentlemen were sent east, and a paper by Mr. Meek, read at 

 the Albany Institute (N. Y.) the same year, says that some of them were from Per- 

 mian strata. 



A Missouri report, published in 1873, gives observations relating to Kansas from 

 1855 to 1871, by Prof. Broadhead and Drs. Hayden and Shumard. We shall have oc- 

 casion to notice further along Prof. Broadhead's later work. 



For the foregoing information we are indebted almost entirely to a paper on the 

 "Bibliography of Kansas Geology," read before the Kansas Academy of Science, in 1883, 

 (but not published in the Transactions,) by the able Secretary of the State Historical 

 Society, Hon. F. G. Adams, who has kindly allowed us to use the MS. 



