86 



streams was transverse to the anticlines. Tlie anticlines did not everj'- 

 where emerge at a uniform rate, but appeared as rows of islands over 

 each of which streams flowed radially. Consetiuently, some of the streams 

 were, from the start, longitudinal to the direction of the anticlines, and 

 others nearly so. 



If at this stage the streams were still on incoherent material, the 

 longitudinal ones had no particular advantage over the transverse ones; 

 but if the indurated or partly indurated material had been reached, they 

 had the special advantage of being able easily to seek out the soft beds 

 and follow their strike. In the meantime, the material lapped off the 

 sides by the waves and that waslied into the sea by the streams was still 

 filling up the adjacent syuclines. 



During the elevation, the syuclines were occupied first by lagoons of 

 salt, then brackish, and after complete emergence by those of fresh water. 

 Even during the last stage they continued to be lines of deposition until 

 the lagoons dwindled into lakelets and finally disappeared. Meanwhile, 

 the anticlines were lines of degradation, and it is not improbable that as 

 many synclinal lakelets were drained into streams that followed anticlines 

 as into those that followed syuclines ; and it seems not unreasonable to 

 suppose that in the course of stream adjustment, as many have shifted 

 from anticlines to synclines as from syuclines to anticlines, if, indeed, the 

 former has not been the rule. 



Major Streams Transverse to Folds. Folds are parallel to the old 

 iand areas from which the clastic material of their rocks was derived. 

 In the addition of new land areas to old, the growth was often exogeneous. 

 If a newly added area was folded, and the folds were leveled as above 

 supposed, the streams from the old land gradually extended themselves 

 over the new and in goncnil were at right angles to the folds. As the 

 clastic sediuH'uts wore yet incoherent and nonresistant. it seems probable 

 that many streams so thoroughly established themselves across the folds 

 as to niaiiitain (his <(iursc as the elevation coHtiiuicd and after the in- 

 durated rocks were reached. May it not be that this has been the history 

 of some of our transverse drainage? This concei)tion, while closely re- 

 lated to that of antecedent streams, is different because it contemplates 

 folding that antedates the streams, while the latter contemiilates a well 

 established stream before folding takes place. 



