120 Kansas Academy of Science. 



effect was evidently local. As seen, some of the quarries here show 

 that the sandstone has slipped down because the sandstone layer 

 gives out, leaving a facing of shale. 



About four miles southeast of Elk City, across the river at the 

 ford, the first mound reached, many layers of sandstone are found 

 dipping forty degrees south, and on the south side of the mound 

 we find the same strata dipping north at about the same angle, the 

 mound running mostly east and west. Little quarrying has been 

 done in this mound and the examinations were not so complete as 

 in the others, but sufficient to make it clear that this did not differ 

 from those described. 



Many mounds are found near Niotaze, to the east, north and 

 south. The most interesting one, geologically, is the one part of 

 which is in the north end of the town of Niotaze. 



This mound contains about 100 acres and is mostly owned by 

 Mr. Dobbs. In this mound many quarries have been opened and 

 a good opportunity is afforded for the study of the strata. It will 

 be observed that the strata become more horizontal as one reaches 

 the summit of the ridge. The ridges and mounds west, north and 

 south of this mound contain a similar layer of sandstone and in 

 exactly the same position, and at no greater change of level than 

 the normal dip. It will be seen that the general dip is to the 

 southwest. No strata of sandstone is found appearing anywhere 

 save on top of the hills, and a careful inquiry after records of wells 

 in the west part of town, which is in the valley between this mound 

 and the next ridge, showed that no sandstone was reached. 



Many mounds were examined, but the above description is a fair 

 sample of all. 



Streams sometimes flow along the base of this formation, thus 

 giving on one side of the stream an entirely different soil from the 

 other, and upon a superficial examination leading to an erroneous 

 impression concerning the phenomena. An example of this is 

 found at Elk City, where the Garnett lime is found east of Duck 

 creek and the soil is calcareous, while west of the creek the soil is 

 sandy from the sandstone in the mound and the sandstone escarp- 

 ment. An examination of the wells on the west side of the creek 

 showed that they reached the Garnett lime and that it had the nor- 

 mal dip to the west. 



In no instance was any strata in any of these mounds found to 

 have a dip greater than the general dip, but that a careful study of 

 all the phenomena showed plainly that it was caused by a landslide 

 facilitated by erosion or by cross-bedding. 



