62 KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY. 



that total disappearance which is characteristic of the Frenatie; (b), a 

 specialization, by addition, of the scales, which have, indeed, reached 

 almost as high a degree of development as is to be found among the 

 Heterocera. This high specialization of the scales in Microptcrxx 

 and Hepialiis does not at all indicate a high rank for them among 

 Lepidoptera, but is merely corroboiative of the presumption that 

 the>' are the existing tips of branches whose lower members have 

 disappeared. Nor, indeed, is it necessary to believe that these 

 branches have been long ones, for, as I show later, the specialization 

 of scales can come about \'ery rapidly. 



It se.ems probable that the stem-form of the Lepidoptera possessed 

 a wing-clothing much like that now exhibited by the Trichoptera, and 

 and that the Jugatai branched off before the covering of fine hairs 

 had been lost, although the tendency of specialization had already 

 become manifest. The phylogenetic position of the Jugatas indicated 

 by their wing-clolhing quite corresponds with that suggested by the 

 wing-venation as shown by Professor Comstock. 



From these data regarding the generalized Lepidopterous scale it 

 may be said that the generalized scale closely resembles a hair, l)ut 

 that it differs from the ordinary simple hair in its insertion. It is 

 undoubtedly true that it is a '.nodirication of a simple hair, although 

 this cannot be said to be jjroved from the data drawn from the 

 phylogeny of the scale. 



Entomologists from early times* have considered the scales to be 

 modified hairs. The natatory, tactile, auditory, gustatory and olfac- 

 tory hairs, I the frenulum;}; of moths' wings, and other variously 

 appearing dermal structures are all modifications of simple hairs. 



The testimony offered by the ontogeny of the scales is in confirma- 

 tion of the conclusions drawn from a study of tliC phylogeny of the 

 scales. It also practically proves the identity of the scale in its 

 origin, with a hair. .The ontogeny of the scale has been studied by 

 Carl Semper, § and his conclusions may be summed as follows: 

 There are three stages in the develo[)ment of the wing; in the first 

 stage there is a jnishing out of the epidermis of the body in the form 

 of a double plate; in tlie second stage there appears a membrane 

 which separates th.e lumen of the wing from the epidermis, which 

 lies against the membrane: soon after this primitive mend^rane has 

 become fully developed, the epidermis, whose cells have come to be 



*In Reaumur's Histoire des Insectes, 17.51, the author declares that hair.s and scales 

 are connected by inttruiediaie gradatory loruis. 



tLubbock, J., On the Senses, Instincts aui Intelligonca of Aniniids, 1838, New York. 



:;:Gonistocl{, J. H.. (loc. clt.). 



§Semper. Carl, Uebor die Bildung der Pluegel, Sehuppen und Haareu boi den Lepidopte- 

 ren. Zeitschr. f. wiss. ZooL, vol. 8, 1857, Leipzig. 



