28o KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARIERLV. 



examined during the past two summers. I>et us now give a short 

 consideration to a few subjects wliich have not yet been mentioned. 

 First, the relative amount of limestone, sandstone,, and shales 

 for the average or general section may be determined by a glance 

 at plate XX. It will be seen that for the whole of the Coal 

 Measures, both lower and upper, the ratio of limestone to the other 

 materials approximates i to 3.8. This is interesting on account of 

 the unusually large amount of limestone in the Coal Measures. If 

 we consider the lower Coal Measures alone the result is somewhat 

 different, for the great thickness of the Cherokee shales so completely 

 overshadows anything found in the upper Coal Measures that the 

 relative amounts of limestones are greatly reduced. But even here 

 we have a ratio of i to 8, which is fully as much as that given in 

 most localities for the whole Coal Measure area, and for the Upper 

 Coal Measures of i to 2.4. 



CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIMESTONE. 



Next let us consider the character of the limestone as a whole. 

 The Oswego limestones have been mentioned in different places as 

 exceedingly compact and semi-crystalline throughout, and are partic- 

 ularly noted for their characteristic fauna. The lower one of these 

 two members in many j)laces is one solid mass throughout, having no 

 division into layers as limestones so often have; further, it is char- 

 acterized by slight impurities which render it valuable for the manu- 

 facture of hydraulic cement, the only limestone in the state thus far 

 discovered possessing these properties. The upper member of the 

 Oswego limestone, on the contrary, is more nearly normal in the 

 matter of division into layers, but in many places is sufficiently crys- 

 talline to take a fairly good polish. 



The Pawnee limestone as exposed in the vicinity of Fort Scott is 

 massive in its nature and weathers into large blocks which are differ- 

 ent from those of any other system observed in the state, and closely 

 resemble similar blocks of weathered origin seen along the bluff capped 

 by the lola limestone. But a closer examination of such boulders 

 would determine at once that they differ from the lola limestone in 

 many respects. Both north and south from Fort Scott this massive 

 character of the Pawnee limestone gradually disappears so that it 

 more closely resembles other limestones. 



The Triple limestone system in the vicinity of Uniontown is char- 

 acterized in two particulars. One is the great abundance of flint 

 nodules which it contains, particularly the middle system. No place 

 in the state is known to the writer, not even in the flint beds of the 

 Permian in the vicinity of Florence or Fort Riley, which carries a 



