Russia north of the Caucasus. 257 



to the limit of forest-growth in the north. More to the east 

 the Ural Owl is not uucommon near Archangel, Pinega, and 

 in the large forests of the Governments of Vologda, Wjatka, 

 and Perm ; but we do not know its northern breeding-limit 

 in the country near the Petchora. According to Mr. Bog- 

 danow, this bird breeds regularly throughout the country 

 of the Middle Volga, from the mouth of the Kama river 

 to the Samarskaja Luka; but more to the west, in Central 

 Russia, the Ural Owl does not go so far south, and has been 

 found in this direction only in the Governments of Kostroma 

 and Moscow. In Western Russia it is not rare in the Govern- 

 ments of Novgorod and Pskov, and breeds throughout the 

 forests of the Baltic Provinces ; but on the testimony of 

 Mr. Taezauowsky it is very rare in Poland. According to 

 Mr. Eichwald the Ural Owl is resident in the Government of 

 Minsk, and according to Mr. Tyzenhaus it breeds through- 

 out Lithuania. 



During the winter this bird has been occasionally seen in 

 the woods of the Obschy-Syrt as well as in the Governments 

 of Jaroslav and Moscow, 



UlULA ALUCO. 



The Tawny Owl is distributed throughout the woods of 

 Central and Southern Russia as far north as lat. 60°-61°, 

 and as far east as the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains. 



In Finland this bird is extremely rare, being found only 

 on the north-western coast of the Gulf of Finland. In some 

 parts of the Government of St. Petersburg it is not uncommon. 

 In the Government of Novgorod the Tawny Owl has hitherto 

 been observed only in the southern portion of the country. 

 More to the east, in the Governments of Jaroslav and Kos- 

 troma, as well as in most parts of the Governments of Wjatka 

 and Perm, this bird is one of the commonest Owls ; but on 

 the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains, which are about 

 its eastern breeding-limit, it is very rare. On the wooded 

 spurs of the Ural, in the forests near the Volga, in Central 

 and Southern Russia, in Lithuania, in Poland, and in the 

 Baltic Provinces this species is very common, but it is only 

 found occasionally in the steppes of New Russia. 



SER. v. VOL. III. T 



