Ratisia north of the Ciuicasas. J2Gl 



west to the Ural Moimtaius in the east, the Hawk-Owl is a 

 commou resident j but its southern breeding-range being still 

 insufficiently known, I can ouly enumerate some of its 

 breeding-localities in Central Russia. According to Evers- 

 man the Hawk-Owl is not rare in the southern forests of the 

 Ural Mountains, in the woods of the northern part of the 

 Government of Orenburg, and throughout all the Government 

 of Kazan. It probably breeds in the northern part of the 

 Government of Riazan, and undoubtedly in the Government 

 of Moscow, in the northern part of the Government of Tula, 

 and in the Government of Smolensk. In the wooded country 

 between the Gulf of Finland and the Upper Dnieper this 

 Owl is not uncommon ; but Russow states that it only 

 occasionally breeds in the Baltic Provinces. Mr. Tyzenhaus 

 informs us that this bird is resident and not uncommon in 

 Lithuania, and Taczanowsky says that it occurs in Poland 

 during the winter. 



In winter the Hawk-Owl strays as fai' south as lat. 49°-48°. 



Nyctea scandiaca. 



The Snowy Owl is a bird of the tundra and of the large 

 marshes dispersed through the northern forests. More to 

 the south it breeds only irregularly and very rarely. 



It is common and partially resident on the islands of 

 Novaja Zemlja, on Waigatz, and throughout the Kola Penin- 

 sula, from the Varanger fiord in the north as far south as 

 lat. 67°. In the country near the White Sea it breeds near 

 the town of Onega, near Archangel, on the Kaninskaja tundra, 

 in the neighbourhood of Pinega and Mezen. In the valley 

 of the Lower Petchora this species was found as far south 

 as Ust-Zylma, and the Ural Expedition observed it between 

 lat. 68" and lat. 70°. Mr. Sabanaev informs us that this 

 bird breeds in the Ural Mountains as far south as lat. 56° ; 

 but this information is very doubtful, as well as his state- 

 ments respecting the breeding of the Snowy Owl in some 

 districts of the Governments of Jaroslav, Moscow, and Orel 

 {fide Mr. Evreinov). Neither Mr. Lorenz nor I obtained 

 this species in the last-mentioned localities during the 



