LINXEAN" SOCIEir OP LONDON. 5 1 



his thesis in philosophy iu 1872, and received his doctorate in 

 the same 3'ear, upon which he was appointed Docent iu Botany to 

 the University ; in 1883 he was named Extraordinary Professor 

 o£ Botany, and in 1889 was finally installed as Borgstrumian 

 Professor of Botany and Practical Economy, which he occupied 

 till his death. 



Kjellman had early chosen Botany as the great business of his 

 life, and pursued it steadily through his travels and the 24 years 

 of his University professorship. 



His first entry into botanic authorship was his " Bidrag till 

 Kannedom om Skandinavieus Ectocarpeer och Tilopterider," a 

 systematic arrangement of a critical group of Algae, and his 

 attention to Algae generally remained constant to the last. 



In the same >ear, 1872, as he received his degree of Doctor of 

 Philosophy, he accompanied Nordenskiold to Spitsbergen in 

 the ' Polhem ' ; at which time he was only in his twenty-sixth 

 year. One part of the expedition was to pass the winter in 

 Spitsbergen ; Kjellman belonged to the other portion which was 

 to return home before the winter set in, and on the 16th September 

 they were to start homeward. But on that day there broke 

 upon them a severe storm from the north, filling Wijde-hay 

 with immense icebergs and completely choking the entrance. 

 Thus shut up, the expedition constructed winter-quarters in 

 Mossel-bay, and when the cold, which had attained —21° Ceut., 

 had passed, and the icy fetters had melted, it was not till 

 the 1st August, 1873, that the ' Grladan ' and ' Onkel Adam * 

 were able to steer homewards. During this period Kjellman 

 made observations along the coast from South Cape to Low 

 Island. One of his most important scientific I'esults was the 

 discovery that the Arctic Ocean possessed a gigantic algal 

 flora, which uninterruptedly grew through the winter, in spite 

 of the darkness at the sea-bottom, and, at a tempei'ature of — 1° 

 to l'S°, developed normally, grew, and fruited. Two years later 

 he published a detailed popular account of the voyage entitled 

 'Sveuska Polarexpedition ar 1872-1873, uuder ledning af A. E. 

 Nordenskiold,' with woodcuts, lithographs, and map. 



We soon find Kjellman again as explorer. Nordeuskicild had 

 planned the investigation of the Arctic Ocean in an easterly direc- 

 tion, and in 1875 undertook a journey, which formed an epoch in 

 the history of polar research. The Swedish expediton on board the 

 hired Norwegian whaler ' Proven ' left Tromso on the 8th July, 

 passed into the Kara Sea, and without hindrance by ice, 

 reached the mouth of the Yenisei, a position never before 

 attained by any craft from the Atlantic. The botanists were 

 Kjellman and A. N. Lundstrom, the zoologists lij. Theel and 

 A. Stuxberg. By the middle of August the expedition divided, 

 Nordenskiold gave the command to Kjellman, who accompanied 

 by Theel returned to Norway by the Kara Sea and reached 

 Tromso the 5th October. The account of the return journey, 

 so far as regards the plant and animal life, was rendered by 

 Kjellman to the Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, in 1877. 



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