52 



Hints to Audubon Workers. 



2. Especially happy. — Chickadee, song sparrow, gold 



finch, indigo bird, bobolink. 



3. SJiort songs. — Robin, chickadee, bluebird, Mary- 



land yellowthroat, meadowlark, great crested 

 flycatcher, whippoorwill. 



4. Long songs, with definite beginning, middle and 



eftd. — Hermit thrush, indigo bird, thrasher, 

 chewink, song, field, tree, white-crowned and 

 white-throated sparrows. 



5. Long songs, zuithout definite beginning, middle and 



end. — Purple finch, catbird, goldfinch. 



6. Long loud songs. — Oriole, scarlet tanager, oven- 



bird, rose-breasted grosbeak, chewink, winter 

 wren, brown thrasher. 



TRILLERS. 



(Saying tee-ka-tee-ka-tee-ka, or words to that effect.) 

 Low. — Redstart, summer yellowbird, black and white 

 creeper, junco, chippy, brown creeper, swift (say- 

 ing chippy-chippy-chirio^ , nuthatch. 



Loud. — Yellowhammer {if-if-if-if-if-if-'f), king- 

 fisher (alarm), ovenbird (saying teacher). 



VIII. Birds that Walk Instead of Hopping. 



Keel-tailed blackbird, red-winged blackbird, crow, 

 partridge, cowbird, ovenbird, meadowlark. 



V. Peculiarities of Flight. 



Conspicuously tail-steering : Keel-tailed blackoird. 



Undulating flight : Goldfinch, woodpeckers. 



Circling flight : Swallows and nighthawks. 



Labored flight : BoboUnk, meadowlark and spar- 

 rows. 



Fluttering flight : Chimney swift. 



Particularly direct flight : Robin, cuckoo, keel-tailed 

 blackbird, kingfisher, oriole. 



VI. Birds with Habit of Song-Flight. 



Cowbird, bobolink, ovenbird, bluebird, kingbird, 

 swift, woodpeckers, red-shouldered blackbird, 

 indigo bird, song sparrow, Maryland yellow- 

 throat, meadowlark, kingfisher, cuckoo, gold- 

 finch, nighthawk, purple finch. 



VII. Marked Habits. 



1. Phlegmatic, meditative , fond of sitting quietly. — 



Wa.xwing, robin, thrushes, white-throated spar- 

 row, meadowlark, wood pewee, woodpeckers. 



2. Restless, constantly flitting about. — Winter wren, 



kinglets, chickadee, warblers, crossbills. 



3. Loquacious. — Catbird, purple finch, crow black- 



bird, bluejay, red-eyed vireo, ovenbird, swift, 

 chippy, bobolink. 



IX. Shape of Bill Adapted to Food. 



1. Short and stout, for cracking seeds. — Grosbeak, 



crossbills (crossed for getting out spruce and 

 pine seeds), purple finch, indigo bird, junco, 

 snow bunting, bobolink, vesper, tree, field, fox, 

 and white-crowned sparrows. 



2. Long and slender for holding zvorms. — Thrushes, 



warblers, orioles, kinglets, brown creeper. 



3. Hooked at end to hold insects. — Vireos, flycatchers, 



kingbird, phcebe, pewee. 



4. Long and heavy for drilling holes in trees. — Wood- 



peckers. 



X. Where Certain Birds Nest. 



[. On the ground. — Meadowlark (meadows and 

 fields), white-throated sparrow, partridge, snow 

 bunting, nighthawk, bobolink, junco, ovenbird, 

 song sparrow, hermit thrush, Maryland yellow- 

 throat, black and white creeper. 



2. In holes. — 



a. Holes in trees and stubs: Woodpeckers, nut- 

 hatch, chickadee, bluebird, great crested fly- 

 catcher. 



b. Holes in river and other banks ; Kingfisher, 

 bank swallow. 



3. /;/ orchai'ds. — Kingbird, goldfinch, waxwing, 



summer yellowbird, chipping sparrow, catbird, 

 robin, bluejay, redstart, cuckoo, least flycatcher. 



\. About houses, sheds and bams. — Robin, phoebe, 

 eave swallow, chimney swift, bluebird (in knot- 

 holes in outhouses or in bird boxes), chipping 

 sparrow. 



5. Jn bushes. — Cuckoo, chipping sparrow, catbird, 



rose-breasted grosbeak, red-eyed vireo, Wilson's 

 thrush, red-winged blackbird, song sparrow, 

 yellow warbler, indigo bunting. 



6. In loTO trees. — Tanager, chestnut-sided warbler, 



yellow warbler, redstart, red-eyed vireo, purple 

 finch, kingbird, hummingbird, least flycatcher. 



7. In high trees. — Robin, oriole (especially in elms), 



crow blackbird, purple finch, vireo, wood pewee, 



Blackburnian warbler, crossbills, hummingbird. 



S. In other birds' nests. — Cowbird, cuckoo (rarely). 



9. In crevices of logs or stumps. — Winter wren. 



10. Under baj'k on trees. — Brown creeper. 



