LINXEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 1 5 



Mr. Edgar Beckett, Dr. Sidney Frederic Hariner, M.A., F.E.S., 

 r.Z.S., and Miss Florence Annie Mockeridge, D.Sc, were proposed 

 as Fellows, 



Mr. Fx'ederick Ormrod Mosley, Miss Dora Lawson, B.Sc. 

 (Liverp.), and Mr. Humphrey Godwin Billinghurst were elected 

 Fellows, and Dr. Jolian jS^ordal Fischer Wille a Foreign Member. 



Mr. James Small, M,Sc., F.L.S., gave a demonstration of the 

 various forms assumed by the pappus in Composita?, of which the 

 following is his abstract : — 



Stating the case for the trichome nature of the pappus in this 

 family as briefly as possible, we have six points. 



1. The development of the members of the pappus is either that 

 of a typical trichome (from one epidermal cell) or that of an 

 emergence, such as the spines of a thistle. 



2. The structure of the mature pappus is that of a series of 

 hairs which have become fused throughout all or a part of their 

 length, either side by side to give a scale or in a mass to give 

 an awn. 



3. The similarity of the setae to the achenial hairs is very 

 marked. 



4. The primitiveness of the scabrid seta is in conformity with 

 the evolution of the family as deduced from other data. 



5. The predominant type of pappus in the fossil forms is the 

 setose type, l^o fossil paleaceous pappus is known. 



6. The presence of a pappus is correlated or linked with the 

 presence of achenial hairs. 



deduction of both characters is also linked, e.g., reduction of 

 the elater hairs of the acheue in the Anthem ideas to special 

 epidermal cells is accompanied by reduction of the pappus to 

 the corouiform type. The same applies to some cases in the 

 Cichorieae. 



As all the facts adduced in support of the phyllome theory can 

 be easily and adequately explained by assuming that the pappus 

 in certain cases is partly a development of the hairs which were 

 inserted on the now aborted but once free calyx-segments, the 

 evidence in favour of the trichome or emergence nature of the 

 organ admits of no other conclusion than that which takes 

 the pappus to be hairs, free or fixed, derived in their evolution 

 from the hairs of the achene, or sometimes also from the hairs of 

 the iiow aborted calyx-limb. 



A discussion followed, in which Prof. J. B. Farmer, Dr. Stapf, 

 Mr. W. C. Worsdell, Dr. D. 11. Scott, Dr. A. B. Kendle, and 

 Mr. T. A. Dymes engaged, and the Author replied. 



Mr. J. Montagu F. Drummond then gave an account of his 

 paper on the Flora of a small area in Palestine. 



