SANITARY NOTES. KHARTOUM 
f)7 
Acacia arahica bark. Besult: No effect in two hours. The pupa hatclieci out and the larvas 
were alive after twenty-seven hours, although the liquid was of a deep orange-red colour. 
A 10 per cent, watery extract proved fatal to two Giilex fatiyans larval in twenty-one and 
twenty-three-and-a-half hours respectively. 
It is evident that in Derris idiyinnua we possess a hirvicide of considerable potency, 
but, in the Sudan at least, the difficulty in obtaining Derris root prevents it being used. 
Moreover, Vogel, who has used the bark of the root of Derris eUiptica, found that while in a 
strength of 100 milligrams to 5 granunes of water it killed larval in one day, it was 
also destructive to fish life. It would, therefore, appear that even in those regions where 
they are indigenous, the various species of Derris have only a limited use as larvicides. 
Of more general interest are the recommendations drawn up with a view to the irrigation 
insertion of special clauses in all future irrigation concessions in order to aid in the 
prevention of malaria. These are as follows :— 
1. Irrigation channels should be constructed on a higher level than the surrounding land, .so that when the 
flow of water in them ceases they may drain dry. 
2. They should be constructed of such material and in such manner as to prevent leakage. 
•'1. Their banks and beds should be kept in good repair, and the beds even, to prevent the fornuition of pools. 
4. “ Dead ends ” of irrigation channels should ho reduced to the smallest size compatible with efliciency, so 
that water will not stagnate in them. 
.">. Vegetation should be periodically cleared out of the channels. 
6. Sluices should be constructed so that there is no leakage to form stagnant puddles. 
7. Where possible, fish should he introduced, and kept in the main channels to destroy the larvse. 
8. Lauds where water is apt to stand should have proper surface drain.age. 
9. Crops, such as sugar-cane, rice, and others which require to stand in water, should not bo grown within 
half a mile of any town or village. 
10. If an engine or pump should happen to break dow’n, particular care should be taken to deal with .stagnant 
pools, and petroleum should be used where necessary. 
11. Cases of malarial fever, and any prevalence of moscpiitoes, should be notified to the governor of the 
province by the manager of the concession. 
So far as Khartoum is concerned, these rules are followed out by the Manager of the 
Sudan Development and Exploration Company at Khartoum North, and though there is a 
large area of land under cultivation there, it is very rarely that one has to complain of the 
presence of mosquito larvte. This shows what can be accomplished by care and attention 
and a great deal is due to Mr. Harold Hall for his help and co-operation in safeguarding 
the town. 
Clothing. —One had intended making some remarks as regards clothing, hut perhaps Clothing 
sufficient has been said on this subject in the Keview. Whatever be the hygienic value of the 
dainoor (native cotton) clothing, in such general use, it is certainly comfortable, liglit, fairly 
durable, and of a good appearance. Combined with black or orange underclothing, it would 
jirobalily meet every requirement. In the Sudan, true “ Solaro ” garments seem to lose their 
colour (]uickly, and, so far as f know, have not proved a great success. Of more importance 
possibly is the question of 
Housing and House Construction. —.-Xud here 1 have been fortunate enough to receive the Housing 
kind help of Mr. W. H. McLean. He has, at my request, written the following paper and house 
^ . oil construction 
prepared the plans illustrating it specially for this Keport;— 
I) W E I, L I N Cl - H O U S E S IN THE T 11 O P I (’ S 
(Witli special reference to the Sudan) 
l>Y W. H. McLe.an, A.fl.T.C., assoc, m. tnst. c.e., Lecturer on Civil Enoineeihno, 
Cordon Colleoe, Khartoum, iMunicip.vl Engineer, Khaktou.m 
The suitable housing of white men in the Tropics is a matter of considerable importance. 
One of the greatest enemies of such men is the sun, and protection from its injurious eflects is 
