HEl'OKT ON ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 
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markings. The type of female most commonly met with has the jowls clothed with 
golden-yellow hair, and the front (space between the eyes) and dorsum of the thorax 
with greyish to yellowish-white hair. Another common form has the jowls, front and 
dorsum of the thorax all clothed with greyish to yellowish-white hair ; or the jowls and 
front may be clothed with golden-yellow hair and the dorsum of the thorax with greyish 
to yellowish-white. A comparatively rare form has the jowls, front and dorsum of the 
thorax all clothed with golden-yellow hair ; while still less frequently seen is the female 
hearing on the median dorsal line of the abdomen two or even three white triangular marks. 
The male may bear eithei’ two, three, or occasionally four white marks on the median 
dorsal line of the abdomen. Two is the most usual nundier, and the fourth when present 
is very small. 
The wings show less variation, though sometimes a female is seen with pale areas 
contained in each of the third, fourth, and fifth posterior, the discal and the posterior 
basal cells and the basal angle. 
The (';/;/ is spindle-shaped, slightly more pointed at one end than at the other, and 
white in colour. 
2‘5 mm. 
The larra (figs. 8 and 9), when newly hatched, is white in colour, but later assumes a 
greyish to yellowish tinge. 
Maiulihln: (fig. 5) black, slightly serrated and with two tufts of curved hairs at the 
base. 
First tininwic segment anteriorly brown. Laterally placed on the second and third 
thoracic segments are brown comb-like marks with the four teeth pointing backwards. 
On the anterior portion of each abdominal segment — with the exception of the eighth— 
are two brown annuli, or rings, encircling the liod}'. The former of these two rings is 
usually covered by the posterior margin of the jircceding segment. The hinder ring bears 
a double line of fine black hairs and also a number of small fleshy projections or pseudopods. 
The eighth abdominal segment serves the piurpose of a respiratory syphon. Its posterior 
margin is brown and from its extremity can be extruded a small process terminating in 
stigmata. A brown curved longitudinal mark is situated on either side of the eighth 
segment. The anus is placed at the base of this segment. 
Length, 35 mm. 
The pupa! rase is chestnut-brown in colour, with the thoracic tubercles darker. Each 
of these tubercles bears a spiine. The abdominal segments are apically ringed with 
backwardly projecting spines. The anal segment terminates in a cluster of six teeth 
(fig. 6), the dorsal pair larger than the lateral and ventral pairs. 
Length, 20 mm. 
Life-histarg and habits. — The adults may usually be found resting on the trunks and 
larger branches of trees. Males appear to be more plentiful than females. On the 
approach of cattle, the latter dart off and attack them, but were rarely seen to follow 
them for any distance. Both sexes are very wary and are not easily captured. 
The eggs are deposited in a rounded mass (fig. 1) on grass and reeds overhanging 
a pool. One egg mass that was counted contained about 450 eggs. The entire act of 
oviposition was not timed, but it is a lengthy proceeding and occnjiies well over half an 
hour. When a female is ovijiositing, although usually exceedingly shy, tlie stem on which 
she is resting may be plucked and carried away or put into a bottle without disturbing 
her. Having deposited her eggs, she covers the mass with a creamy-white secretion 
which turns black after a short time. 
