24 MOSQUITO WORK IN KHARTOfM ANP IN THK ANQLO-EOYPTIAN SUDAN GENERALLY 



prociiri'tl, also iHriiusi' lul)our is hcttcr paid. Wind cost fonrp-iicf in Hatliiirst sictimllv 



cost three shillings ami sixiu'iicf in Ivhartoiini, uikI was not ^ooil at that ! 



It used to he the rule tinit anyone might sink a well practically anywhere in Khartuuni, 



iiiitl when he had finished witii it, hr left it na it was. This state of things has been altered. 



Now no one may sink a well for any purpose without submitting a plan, showing the 



situation of the i)roposed well, to the (loveriior. Such plans are imssed to the Medical 

 Rfgistration of • ir i i r' 



weiu Otlicer of Health. The well may or may not be sanctioned, but if it is, the ownier is made to 



promise, under penalty for default, that he will either fill in the well when no longer 

 wanted, if it is being sunk merely to secure water for building purposes ; or if it is intended 

 for prolonged use, that he will aflix a cover to the satisfaction of the Sanitary Inspector, 

 and that he will keep that cover in good repair. This has been productive of much benefit, 

 though it requires constant watchfulness to see that the law is not evaded. The cost to the 

 owner or user is not great, though in some cases it imiy constitute a hardship. The covers 

 may be fixed, ami then stolen or maliciously broken. It is almost impossible to attain 

 anything like perfection in this vexed question of wells, but every little helps. Public wells 

 are all covered and most of them have pumps. 



When Khartoum possesses a proper water sniijily witli stand-pipes in the streets it is 

 proposed to fill in all the wells save such as are re(iuired for the irrigation of gardens. If 

 this be done C.juliijiiiis will find it very difficult to maintain a footing in the town. The 



Proposed rapid extension of Khartoum has recently necessitated the sinking of many new wells for 



future action . .... ^^. . 



l)Uilding purposes. Ihese have to be permitted, but one is sorry to see the site of the town 

 honeycombed in this way. 



For a long time it was (lilficult to control the breeding places on the steamers, but in 

 the autumn of 1904 the Director of Steamers and Boats issued more stringent regulations 

 to engineers and native reises, and tlie nsuit was soon appaicnt. Steamer after steamer 

 Steamers and arrived free from mosquito larv;e, Khartoum Nurtli became a more comfortable place of 

 habitation, and the wells in the river zone of Khartoum were less frequently re-mfected. 

 The engineers were taking trouble and carrying out the plan which had been devised for 

 treating bilges both in tiie steamers ami in tlie sandals or barges they are accustomed 

 to tow. 



The following arc the instructions which were issueil. Mr. Newlove devised the plan of 

 oiling the wood holds in rotation. They had always been a dilliculty till this was done. 

 Regulations for ^' ■^^'f"'"'' leaving Khaitouni tile bilge water in the various sections should be oiled 



steamers and by pouriiig petroleum oil the surface of the water aii<l stirring well with a stick. A film will 

 then form on the surface which prevents access of air to the mosquito larvi*; and pupaj and 

 so kills them. Kggs deposited by mosquitoes on this oil film will not develop, and many of 

 the females themselves will be killed. Roughly about one-half pint of oil should be devoted 

 to each section. A little experience soon shows how much or how little oil is needed to form 

 a proper film. In addition, the water in the trays under the boilers should be examined, and 

 if necessary, oiled. (This note was added because Anophelines were found breeding in such 

 water.) 



" A cup or wide-mouthed bottle can be used for collecting water for examination. The 

 vessel should be quickly but gently dipped under the surface and lifted out without spilling 

 any of the contents. For somewhat inaccessible places a tin with its bottom replaced by 

 wire gauze mesh and attached to a stick is useful. The larvae are then found wriggling on 

 the gauze. Such a collecting dish is easily made and answers well. It should be examined 



boats 



