TRYPANOSOMIASIS IN THE ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN 153 



by Scliamlinn's work* on the developmental cycle of the Homu undid or S/jiiiir/wfc 

 Zicmanni of the Stone Owl in Cuh-x pipienf, but it is worth noting that Novy and McNealj 

 have not confii-med his observations, while quite recently Koss| has suggested a possible 

 source of fallacy in Schaudinn's allied researches. § Now, I have no wish to commit myself 

 to any theory. It does not seem likely that a trypanosome would change into a spirillum 

 in the blood of the same host, and I have seen nothing which would lead me to suspect 

 that it does, but Theiler|| has recorded both forms of parasite as occurring in the blood of 

 cattle suffering from ordinary red-water and Khodesian red-water fever. Petrie has** 

 also described a Spirochsete in the blood of a Martin which at the same time harboured a 

 trypanosome in its bone-marrow. Further, the spirilla, which I describe, are shortish forms, 

 and have not the typical pointed ends of, say, Spiro'luvtc Obermcieri. For all that they are 

 undoubted spirilla, and I have found them on several occasions in gastric lesions of animals 

 dead of trypanosomiasis. I think it is an interesting observation. At present it is nothing 

 more, but it seems worth while following up the matter. With the highest powers at my 

 disposal, it looked as though these spirilla were possessed of something like undulating 

 membranes. Further observations lead me to doubt this. I believe these organisms to be 

 of a bacterial nature or at least true spirilla as distinct from protozoa. 



I have never found such spirilla present in the stomach or intestines of animals 

 uninfected with trypanosomiasis. Another question arises. What is the nature of these small 

 "ruddy" forms (Plate XIV., Fig. /) found in the gastric lesions present in Gerbil 8 

 (Exp, 16) and Jerboa 3 (Exp. 1!)) ? I confess I am unable to answer the query. They 

 are possibly related to the young resistant forms described by Liugard, and which closely 

 resemble the Leishman-Donovan bodies found in Cachexial Fever. 



IV. PkoPHYLAXIS and TrvE.\TMENT 



As regards tlie former little need be said, as in a region like the Soutliern Sudan but prophylaxis 

 little can be done of any practical value, and the country is not yet sufficiently developed to 

 make the presence of the disease severely felt. At present the big game is probably of 

 greater value than the native flocks and herds. Steps have been taken to limit the trade 

 with Shilluk cattle, though apparently 7'. iiuniiiii has never been introduced into the 

 Northern Sudan. As stated. Captain Head has recently examined the blood of hundreds of 

 cattle in the Berber district and elsewhere, in connection with the rinderpest outbreak, and 

 he has not come across a single case of trypanosomiasis. Mention has been made of the 

 fact that the animals in the rear of a caravan are likely to escape being bitten by 

 Tsetse flies. 



Treatment has so far been conducted on two lines. Having noted ff that the best Attempts at 

 results in the treatment of trypanosomiasis had been obtained by the use of certain anilin 'herapeutic 

 dye-stuffs, namely, trypan red and malachite green, JJ whether combined or not with arsenic, it 



• Geueratious und Wirtwechsel bei Trypanosome und Spirochaetc. Arb. ausdein Kaiser. Gesundheit., 

 Bond XX., Heft 3, 1904. Translation in Brit. Med. .Jouru., London, Feb. 25th, 1905, p. 442. 

 t .Journ. Infect. Dis., Chicago, March, 1905. 

 X Jouru. Hyg., Cambridge, Jan. 1906. 



§ See also the recent work of Novy and others (Journ. Inf. Diseases, 18th May, 1906), and for a review of 

 he whola subject the articles on HaemoflagcUates in the Quart. Journ. of Microscopic Science, April and June, 1906. 

 Il Fortschritte der Veterinarhygiene, 1903, Heft IV. 

 •• Journ. Hyg., Cambridge, 1905, Vol. V., p. 191. 



tt Laveran. Compt. Rend, de I'Acad. des Sciences, Paris, Vol. CXXXIX., p. 19. 

 IX Brit. Med. Jouru., Londou, Dec. 17th, 1904, p. 1C45. 



measures 



