^°|- ,^^-] Stuart-Sutherland, Penguins. 29 



/:. miner. JJluc Pcn^aiiii (Little JJluc or Pi-gniy I\'nguin ; 

 Koi-ora). 



/:". iindiud. Little IMur I'l'iiguin. 



/'.'. (illjosi^nnlii. Whitc-llippcrcd Penguin (said to be recurded 

 only I'rum Banks Peninsula). 



Sp/wnisciis.-- Confined to the Neotropical (South American) region. 

 Bill short, wide, and very deep, upper half slightly hooked, 

 lower truncated ; metatarsus longer proportionally than 

 in other genera ; tail variable. 



S. doner sa. Black-footed or Cape Penguin. 



5. niii'^i'/laiiiciis. Jackass Penguin (referred to by Darwin as 

 AploiDi/yptcs dcnwrsa, "Voyage of Beagle"). 



S. hinnboldti. Humboldt's Penguin. 



5. mendicidiis. Galapagos Penguin. 



Of the 18 species, 11 are found in the Australian region, but 

 only 7 are peculiar to it. These 7 belong to Catarrhactea and 

 Megadyptes. In the Ethiopian region, which takes in all Africa 

 e.xcepting the north-western corner, and includes Madagascar, are 

 found 6 species, but only one — the Cape Penguin — is confined to 

 it Nine species are found in the Neotropical area, but only 4 

 are peculiar to it : these all belonging to the genus Spheniscus. 



The range extends southwards from the Galapagos Group (which 

 has an endemic species) round Cape Horn to the Falkland Islands 

 — a few stragglers reaching Brazil — thence breeding stations are 

 found eas'twards in Tristan d'Acunha, off the Cape of Good Hope, 

 in the Crozets, Marion, and Amsterdam Islands, Kerguelen Land, 

 and so on to the south of AustraHa and New Zealand, with the 

 Antarctic Regions as far as man has yet penetrated. The 

 Penguins, then, are not only found amongst the Antarctic ice, 

 but in South Africa, South America, AustraHa, and New Zealand, 

 as well as on nearly all the islands of the Southern oceans. Four 

 Penguins are characteristic of the Antarctic, these being the 

 Emperor, Adclic, Ringed, and Yellow-crested Penguins. 



The nesting habits vary greatly in the different genera. In 

 Aptenodytes only one egg is laid in a season, which egg is incubated 

 in a sort of pouch. The egg is carried resting on the feet, and 

 wedged between the legs and the low^er portion of the abdomen, 

 whilst over it falls a fold of heavily-feathered skin, which is very 

 loose, and can completely cover the egg. The chick is similarly 

 carried. The males are also equipped with a pouch, in which they 

 also carry the chick on occasions. The young are fed as with 

 Cormorants and similar birds, the chick finding regurgitated food 

 when it thrusts its head inside the parent's mouth. Worthy of 

 note here is thi- remarkal)le difference between the chicks of the 

 two species of this genus, which are themsel\-i'S, save in size, so 

 remarkably alike. The young King Penguins look like young 

 bears in their long grey-brown down, wliereas those of the 

 Emperor are silvery-white, with the head wholly black, except for 

 a patch of white on each side, including the cheek and eye. 



