20 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 



branches or terminal buds as in Utricularia. Willow twigs may 

 be carried to grow in favorable places. 



4. Spores, seeds or fruits may be carried by currents. To 

 make seeds or fruits float, air chambers develop in some parts, and 

 the latter are usually resistant to decay. Occasionally by waxy 

 substances, the parts are made unwettable and hence float. The 

 receptacle is said to provide the float in Nehirahium, the ovary 

 in Alisma, Sagittaria, and species of Car ex, separate carpels in 

 Nuphar, ovary and calyx combined in the cocoanut whose salt- 

 water-resisting air-filled husk and unwettable outer skin, make 

 it perfectly adapted to long ocean voyages ; the arillus or third 

 seed-coat is used in Nymphaea. 



5. Rain-drops may wash spores or seeds from their capsules 

 and carry them away in rivulets to grow in damp places. The 

 little gemmse are thus carried from the cups on the fronds of 

 some liverworts, as Marchantia, and perhaps the bublets may 

 be thus carried from the axils of the leaves in lilies and ferns. 

 The pods of Anagallis and Brunella vulgaris are said to open in 

 a rain which then washes out the seeds. 



VI. Locomotion by the Utilization of the Movement 

 of Animals, 



There are two fundamentally distinct ways in which 

 the locomotive power of animals is used by plants for their 

 locomotion ; first, parts are made to cling to their fur or 

 feathers or feet ; second, seeds protected from digestion 

 by special coats are enclosed in fleshy fruits wliich are 

 eaten, and the seeds are later discharged uninjured from 

 the animals' bodies. 



Looking over the groups of animals, we find that the 

 only ones large enongh to carry seeds and fruits, and at 

 the same time of active habits and wide range, are birds 

 and mammals. In special cases, however, insects, snails 

 and even fish may carry seeds. 



