56 BRAIN— BRAMBLE-FINCH 



ganglion of the vagus and with the large sympathetic g. cervicale 

 supremum, receiving a strong branch from the stem of the vagus, 

 and dividing into two branches : — One, the pharyngeal branch, sup- 

 plying the upper portion of the pharynx and the gustatory papillae 

 of the palate ; the other, or lingual branch, supplying the glottis, 

 larynx, and the tongue, and acting chiefly as the nerve of taste. 



X. N. vagus or pieumogastricus arises behind the glossopha- 

 ryngeal (IX), and passes likewise through the jugular foramen. Its 

 ganglion is connected with that of the glossopharyngeal and with 

 that of the sympathetic system. The stem of this nerve receives a 

 branch from the hypoglossal (XII) and takes up the accessory (XI). 

 It runs down the side of the oesophagus, enters the thoracic cavity 

 between the brachial nerve plexus and the carotid artery, then 

 passes between the bronchus and the subclavian artery to the 

 ventral side of the proventriculus, and joining its fellow from the 

 other side, spreads out to supply the stomach. Other branches 

 leave the principal stem of each vagus at the level of the bronchi 

 to supj^ly the liver, heart, and lungs, and as the recurrent laryngeal 

 branch also supply the distal portion of the trachea and oesoj)hagus. 

 Some fibres of the vagus often extend beyond the stomach, and are 

 connected -with the sympathetic nerves of the trunk, sujDplying part 

 of the intestinal canal. 



XI. iV. accessorius, a little nerve taking its origin between 

 the dorsal and .ventral roots of the third cervical nerve, runs 

 upwards through the occipital foramen into the cranium, and joins 

 the ganglion of the vagus (X), to leave the cranium with the latter 

 and to supply the cucuUaris muscle or constrictor colli. 



XII. N. hypoglossus arises ventro- laterally from the medulla 

 oblongata, and leaves the cranium by two foramina in the lateral 

 occipital bone, in front of and sidewards from the occipital condyle. 

 It supplies the m. complexus, forms a connecting loop with the first 

 cervical nerve, innervates some of the cervical muscles, and divides 

 into two branches — one of which supplies most of the muscles of the 

 tongue and communicates with its fellow on the undersurface of 

 the tongue, Avhile the other innervates the muscles of the larynx, 

 and then descends along the side of the trachea to the syrinx in 

 order to supply the vocal muscles and membranes. 



BRAMBLE-FINCH or BRAMBLING (Germ. Brdmling), names 

 of one of the most beautiful of our annual visitors, Fringilla monti- 

 fringilla, which has its home in the birch-forests of Northern 

 Europe and Asia, whence it yearly proceeds, often in flocks of 

 thousands, to pass the winter in more southern countries. It is 

 congeneric with the Chaffinch, but is still more brightly coloured, 

 especially in summer, when the brown edges of the feathers being 

 shed, it presents a rich combination of black, white, and orange. 



