88 CHUCK-WILnS-WIDOW—CITRIL 



a mountaineer, and does not affect a sea-shore life. A single 

 example has occurred in England, and is figured in Mr. Aplin's 

 Birds, of Oxfordshire, but the possibility of its having escaped from 

 captivity is not to be overlooked, though the species has reached a 

 spot so distant from its home as Heligoland. The Alj^ine Chough 

 is somewhat smaller than its congener, and is easily distinguished 

 by its shorter and bright yellow bill. Remains of both have been 

 found in French caverns, the deposits in which were formed during 

 the " Reindeer Age." Commonly placed by systematists next to 

 Pyrrhocorax is the Australian genus Corcorax, represented by a single 

 species, C. melanorhatnphus, but osteologists must be further consulted 

 before this assignment of the bird, which is chiefly a frequenter of 

 woodlands, can be admitted without hesitation. 



CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, so syllabled in North America from 

 the bird's cry. One of the Caprimulgidse (Goatsucker), Antrostomus 

 carolinus, much larger than but congeneric with the Whip-poor- 

 will, A. vociferus. 



CHURN-OWL, one of the many names of the common Night- 

 jar of Europe. 



CIBOULATION, or circulatory system, signifies motion of the 

 blood, which is pumped by the heart through the blood-vessels. 

 Birds, like Mammals, possess a complete double circulation, namely 

 (1) that of the body, from the left ventricle of the heart into the 

 aortic arch, thence through the arteries of the body, returning by 

 the veins into the right auricle, and (2) the pulmonary circulation, 

 from the right ventricle into and through the lungs, returning by 

 the pulmonary veins into the left auricle, and thence into the left 

 ventricle (see Vascular System). 



CITRIL, the name under which Ray and Wiliughby in 1663 

 became acquainted at Vienna with a Finch, and now occasionally 

 used for it in German, though it is more commonly known as 

 Citronenfink, the allusion in each case being to the colour of its 

 plumage, which some consider to be of a citron hue, but is mostly 

 of a yellowish-green. The bird is the Venturon of the French, the 

 Chrysomitris citrinella of modern ornithology — a common species in 

 southern and parts of central Europe, but seldom occiu^ring much 

 further northward than the Black Forest. It usually frequents 

 mountainous districts, keeping to the neighbourhood of fir-trees, 

 though chiefly feeding on the seeds of grasses and other lowly- 

 growing plants. 



meant "patted" or footed [cf. the heraldic croix patee), and that therefore it 

 refers to this bird with its red feet. Others maintain that "russet" did not 

 necessarily mean red, but was frequently used for grey, and accordingly that 

 the Daw with its grey head was intended. 



