512 LARYNX 



while how many others should be recognized is a question far from 

 being settled. The Shore-Lark is in Europe a native of only the 

 extreme north, but is very common near the shores of the Varanger 

 Fjord, and likewise breeds on mountain-tops further south-west, 

 though still well within the Arctic Circle. The mellow tone of its 

 call-note has obtained for it in Lapland a name signifying " Bell- 

 bird," and the song of the cock is lively, though not very loud. 

 The bird trustfully resorts to the neighbourhood of houses, and 

 even enters the villages of East Finmark in search of its food. It 

 produces at least two broods in the season, and towards autumn 

 migrates to lower latitudes in large flocks. Of late years these 

 have been observed almost every winter on the east coast of Great 

 Britain, and the species, instead of being regarded, as it once was, 

 in the light of an accidental visitor to the United Kingdom, must 

 now be deemed an almost regular visitor, though in very varying 

 numbers. Several other congeneric forms originally described as 

 distinct species, but the validity of which has been more than 

 once denied and reasserted, inhabit south-eastern Europe, Palestine, 

 and Central Asia ; but an admittedly good species is the 0. hilopha 

 of Arabia and Mauritania. All these birds, which have been termed 

 Horned Larks, from the tuft of elongated black feathers growing 

 on each side of the head, form a little group easily recognized by 

 their peculiar coloi^ation, which calls to mind some of the Ringed 

 Plovers, yEgialitis. 



The name Lark is also frequently applied to many birds which 

 do not belong to the Alaudidse as now understood. The Mud-Lark, 

 Rock-Lark, Titlark, and Tree-Lark are Pipits. The Grasshopper- 

 Lark is one of the aquatic WARBLERS, while the Meadow-Lark of 

 America, as has been already said, is an ICTERUS. Sand-Lark and 

 Sea-Lark are likewise names often given to some of the smaller 

 members of the Limicolse. Of the true Larks, Alaudidx, Dr. Sharpe 

 {ut supra) makes over 70 species, and more than 40 local 

 races or subspecies. It is believed to be a physiological character 

 of the Family that they moult but once in the year, while the 

 Pipits, which in general appearance so much resemble them, 

 undergo a double moult, as do others of the MotadlUdse, to which 

 they are most nearly allied. 



LARYNX, the upper end of the trachea, into which the air 

 enters from the mouth through a longitudinal, slit-like opening, the 

 rima glottidis. It lies behind the tongue, between the two Hyoid 

 horns, connected in front by a strong band with the cartilaginous 

 or bony urohyal, the sides of its dorsal margin being also attached 

 loosely by connective tissue to the walls of the upper end of the 

 oesophagus. The cartilaginous or bony part of the Larynx consists 

 of several pieces, of which the principal or cricoid cartilage forms 



