LIRA —L O GGER-HEA D 517 



to Leucostide is Montifringilla, to which belongs the Snow-Finch of 

 the Alps, M. nivalis:, so often mistaken by travellers for the Snow- 

 BUNTING, Pledrophanes nivalis. 



LIRA, see Lyra. 



LITTORALES, Illiger's name in 1811 for a "Family "com- 

 posed of the genera Charadrius, Calidris, Himantopus, Hsematopus, 

 Cursorius and Burliinns. 



LIVER, hepar, a large dark reddish or yellowish-brown gland, 

 consisting of two lobes connected by a commissure of variable 

 thickness, and resting upon the dorsal side of the sternum so as to 

 enclose the Heart and Lungs. Bile, the secretion of this gland, 

 passes through two ducts — that on the right side being, in most 

 Birds, dilated into the Gall-Bladder — into the duodenal loop of 

 the small intestine (Digestive System). The relative size of the 

 two lobes, which varies much in different groups of Birds, might be 

 used for taxonomic purposes, were it not for the numerous excep- 

 tions that occur. Thus an equality in this respect is characteristic 

 of Accipitres, Felargi and Tubinares ; but among the last Puffinus 

 anglorum (Shearwater) has the right lobe about six times as large 

 as the left ; and the right lobe is generally by far the largest 

 in Columbse, Eerodii, Steganopodes, Fici and Passeres, while the 

 opposite proportion is rare. Of greater and often of considerable 

 importance is the shape of the two principal lobes, and especially 

 that of the left : thus the right lobe is deeply cleft in most 

 Cypselomorphgs and Passeres, while the left is much divided only 

 in Struthio, in the Gallinse and in the Turnices — the Australian 

 Pediononus agreeing with the group last named in having the left 

 lobe doubled, as well as in being twice as large as the right. 

 Livers of many kinds of Birds are described in (Bronn's) Klassen 

 und Ordnungen des Thier-Eeichs (Vogel, pp. 680-684). 



LOBIPEDES, Illiger's name in 1811 for a "Family" made up 



of the genera Fulica (Coot), Fodica (Finfoot) and Phalaropus 

 (Phalarope), which as we now know are not nearly allied. 



LOCUST-BIRD, a name given in South Africa to three very 

 different species. Without qualification it signifies Creatophora 

 canmculata (Grackle) ; with the prefix " Great," Ciconia alba 

 (Stork) is meant ; and with the prefix " Little," Glareola nord- 

 manni (Pratincole) (c/. Layard, B. S. Afr. pp. 177, 291, 314; and 

 Holub and Von Pelzeln, Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 243). 



LOGCOCK, one of the many local names in North America of 

 Pious pileatus (Woodpecker). 



LOGGER-HEAD, a name applied to several kinds of Birds, 

 ■ — for instance (1) to a Shrike, Lanius or Collyrio ludovidanus or 



