M ANA KIN 531 



stated that the difference between it and the second is so apparent 

 that he had no difficulty in distinguishing them on the wing. Capt. 

 Hutton, on the other hand {Ibis, 1865, p. 283), considers all three 

 to be specifically identical. Others, as appears by the Report on the 

 Birds of the ' Challenger ' voyage (pp. 148, 149), while regarding 

 D. melanophrys as distinct, would seem to unite D. culminata with 

 D. chlororhynchus. The first of these, says Gould, is the commonest 

 species of Albatros inhabiting the Southern Ocean, and its gregarious 

 habits and familiar disposition make it well known to every voyager 

 to or from Australia, for it is equally common in the Atlantic and the 

 Pacific. The back, wings and tail are of a blackish-grey, but all 

 the rest of the plumage is white, except a dusky superciliary streak, 

 whence its name of Black-browed Albatros, as also its scientific 

 epithet, are taken. The bill of the adult is of an ochreous-yellow, 

 while that of the young is dark. This species (supposing it to be 

 one) is said to breed on the Falkland Islands and on Tristan da 

 Cunha, but the latter locality seems questionable, for, according to 

 Carmichael (Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 490), i>. chlororhynchus is the 

 bird of this group there found ; while the late Prof. Moseley (Notes 

 of a Naturalist, p. 130) calls it D. culminata.^ Whatever it may be, 

 the excellent observer just named describes it as making a cylindrical 

 nest of grass, sedge and clay, with a shallow basin atop and an over- 

 hanging rim — the whole being about 14 inches in diameter and 10 

 in height. The bird lays a single white egg, which is held in a 

 sort of pouch formed by the skin of the abdomen, while she 

 is incubating. A few other details are given by him, but his 

 visit was too hurried to enable him to ascertain the more important 

 and interesting points in the economy of this Albatros which were 

 neglected by his predecessor, Carmichael, during his four months' 

 sojourn in 1816-17. D. culminata is said by Gould to be more 

 plentiful in the Australian seas than elsewhere, numbers coming 

 under his notice between Launceston and Adelaide, and being also 

 frequently observed by him between Sydney and the northern 

 extremity of New Zealand, as well as in the same latitude of the 

 Indian Ocean. He describes its bill as having the greyish-yellow 

 ridge broad and flat, while that of D. chlororhynchus is laterally com- 

 pressed and the ridge round. All these birds seem to have much 

 the same habits. 



MANAKIN, from the Dutch word Manneken, applied to certain 

 small birds, a name apparently introduced into English by Edwards 

 (Nat. Hist. Birds, i. p. 21) in or about 1743, since which time it has 

 been accepted generally, and is now used for those which form the 



^ Mr. Sclater with commendable caution assigns no specific name to the eggs 

 of the Diomedea found breeding on this island and its neighbour {Re])ort, ut 

 supra, p. 151). 



