534 MANDARIN DUCK—MANUCODE 



muscles ; but the efifect is doubtless as described by Mr. Hamilton's 

 informant. 



MANDARIN DUCK, the name given, says Latham {Synops. iii. 

 p. 549), by the English in China, to the beautiful species of that 

 country, yEx galericulata of modern ornithology, figured by Edwards 

 (Wat. Hist. Uncomm. B. pi. 102) in 1746, from a live bird in 

 England ; but it was clearly known to Aldrovandus [Orn. lib. xix. 

 cap. 31) from a drawing of one brought to Rome in his time by 

 Japanese envoys. 



MANDIBLE (Lat. Mandihula) the lower jaw in Birds, consist- 

 ing of an unpaired V-shaped piece which forms the tip, and some 

 four or five paired pieces, one of which {os articulare) articulates 

 with the quadrate bone, and another (os dentale) forms the upj)er 

 margin of the side of the jaw. In such birds as the Parrots and 

 Falcons which need a strong beak, all these pieces coalesce in one 

 mass, in others as Ducks there remain sutures, or again as in Owls 

 and Gulls, foramina (see Maxilla). 



MANGO-BIRD, in Jamaica Lampornis mango, one of the 

 Trochilidse (Humming-bird) ; but in India an Oriole, Oriolus kundoo. 



MANGROVE-CUCKOW, Coccyzus minor or seniculus of some ; 

 but 



MANGROVE-HEN is in Jamaica, and perhaps in other parts of 

 the New World, Rallus longirostris or some other species of Rail. 



MAN-OF-WAR BIRD, apparently the oldest English name of 

 what is now called a Frigate-BIRD ; but also occasionally applied 

 to one or more of the smaller species of Skua, and not unfrequently 

 to an Albatros. 



MANUCODE, from the French, an abbreviation of Manucodiata, 

 the Latinized form of the Majay Manukdewata, meaning, says 

 Crawfurd (Malay and Engl. Dictionary, p. 97), the "bird of the 

 gods," and a name applied for more than two hundred years 

 apparently to Birds-OF-ParaDISE in general. In the original 

 sense of its inventor, Montbeillard (Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, iii. p. 163), 

 Manucode was restricted to the King Bird-of-Paradise and three 

 allied species ; but in English it has curiously been transferred ^ to 



^ Manucodiata was used by Brisson {Ornithologie, ii. p. 130) as a generic 

 term equivalent to the Linnsean Paradisea. In 1783 Boddaert, when assigning 

 scientific names to the birds iigured by Daubenton, called the subject of one of 

 them {PI. enlum. 634) Manucodia, chalybea, the first word being apparently an 

 accidental curtailment of the name of Brisson's genus to which he referred it. 

 If evertheless some writers have taken it as evidence of an intention to found a 

 new genus by that name, and hence the importation of Manucodia into scientific 

 nomenclature, and the English form to correspond. 



