SKELETON 



853 



send out paired or single ventral processes (hypapophyses), which 

 are extremely varied in shape and size, affording valuable help 

 in the determination of the bones. When unpaired, these hypa- 

 pophyses either remain in the shape of vertical knobs, processes or 

 blades,^ and serve for the attachment of the powerfully -developed 

 flexor muscles of the neck, especially the m. longus colli anticus. 

 Sometimes, as in certain vertebrje of Falamedex(ficR¥AM'KFy.)and many 

 Fasscres, they have the shape of _L. When however they are paired, 



A. 2^. 



P.Z. 



A Cera'ical and a Thoracic Vertebra from the Left. 



C.a. 



A Cervical Vertebra seen from the Dorsal and Anterior Side. 

 A.Z,. Anterior or Prtezygapopliysis ; F.Z. Posterior or Postzygapopliysis ; C.a. anterior articulat- 

 ing surface of tlie centrum ; C'o^). articular surface for capitulum of rib ; C.p. posterior 

 articulating sui-face of the centrum ; F.t. Foramen transversarium ; H. Hyi)apopliysis ; M. 

 spinal canal ; Sp. dorsal spinous process ; Th. articular surface for the capitulum. 



and in such cases restricted to the ends of the centra, they are 

 utilized for the better protection of the deep carotids (page 76), as 

 is especially shewn b}^ the Sicganopodes, Ardeklx (excl. Scopus), most 

 Ciconiidx and some Pici which possess completely closed osseous 



^ They form vertical blades on some of the lower cervicals of Sphenisci, Cora- 

 ciidas, Alcedinidm, Meropidx, Todidse, Cypscli, Trogones, Galbulidse, Bucconidae, 

 Pici, Capitonidx and Passeres. 



