932 SIVAN 



Otherwise in a general way there is little difference between the 

 habits of the two, and closely allied to the Whooper is a much 

 smaller species, known as Bewick's Swan, C. bewicki. This was first 

 indicated as a variety of the last by Pallas, but its specific validity 

 is now fully established. Apart from size, it may be exteruall}'- 

 distinguished from the Whooper by the bill having only a small 

 patch of yellow, which inclines to an orange rather than a lemon 

 tint ; while internally the difference of the vocal organs is well 

 marked, and its cry, though melodious enough, is unlike. It has 

 a more easterly home in the north, first ascertained by Messrs. 

 Harvie-Brown and Seebohm (Ibis, 1876, p. 440), than the Whooper, 

 but in severe winters frequently occurs in Britain. 



Both the species last mentioned have their representatives in 

 North America, and in each case the Transatlantic bird is con- 

 siderably larger than that of the Old World. The first is the 

 Trumpeter-Swan, C. buccinator, which has the bill wholly black, 

 and the second the C. columbianus or americanus'^ — greatly resem- 

 bling Bewick's Swan, but with the coloured patches on the bill of 

 less extent and deepening almost into scarlet. South America 

 produces two very distinct birds commonly regarded as Swans, — 

 the Black-necked Swan and that which is called Cascaroba or Cos- 

 caroba. This last, which inhabits the southern extremity of the 

 continent to Chili and the Argentine territory, and visits the 

 Falkland Islands, is the smallest species known, — pure white in 

 colour except the tip of its primaries, but having a red bill and red 

 feet.^ The former, C. melajiocoi'ypha or nigricollis, if not discovered 

 by earlier navigators, was observed by Narbrough 2nd August 1670 

 in the Strait of Magellan, as announced in 1694 in the first edition 

 of his Voyage (p. 52). It was subsequently found on the Falkland 

 Islands during the French settlement there in 1764-65, as stated 

 by Pernetty {Voyage, ed. 2, ii. pp. 26, 99), and was first technically 

 described in 1782 by Moliija (Saggio sulla Star. Nat. del Chile, pp. 

 234, 344). Its range seems to be much the same as that of the 

 Cascaroba, except that it comes further to the northward, to the 

 coast of southern Brazil on the east and perhaps into Bolivia on the 

 west. It is a very handsome bird, of large size, with a bright red 



^ Examples of both these species have been recorded as occurring in Britain, 

 and. there can be little doubt that the first has made its way hither. Concerning 

 the second, more precise details are required. 



2 Dr. Stejneger {Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, pp. 177-179) has been at much 

 pains to shew that this is no Swan at all, but merely a large Anatine form. 

 Further research may prove that his views are well founded, and that this, with 

 another very imperfectly known species, C. davidi, described by Swinhoe (Proc. 

 Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 430) from a single specimen in the Museum of Peking, should 

 be removed from the subfamily Cygninse. Of C. coscoroba Mr. Gibson remarks 

 (Ibis, 1880, pp. 36, 37) that its "note is a loud trumpet-call," and that it swima 

 with "the neck curved and the wings raised after the true Swan model." 



