VASCULAR SYSTEM ion 



the blood from the head and neck ; (2) a vena vertebralis which 

 drains the brain, anastomoses by numerous and wide branches with 

 the cephalic portions of the jugulars and, being lodged in the trans- 

 verse foramina of the cervical vertebrae, which it also drains, runs 

 along the neck ; and (3) a vena subdavia which receives the blood 

 from the thorax, beside a vena humeralis, v. radialis and v. ulnaris, 

 combining to form the v. brachialis, and this again unites with the 

 subcutaneous ulnar vein of the wing as the v. axillaris. 



The vena cava inferior receives the blood from all the rest of the 

 body with its viscera, entering the heart as an unpaired trunk, and 

 close to it receiving the pair of vv. hepaticx magnse which carry the 

 blood from the liver, while the rest of the venous trunk is known 

 as the vena cava posterior, and is formed by the two vv. iliacge com- 

 munes, each of which is composed of a v. cruralis or iliaca externa 

 and a v. hypogastrica or iliaca interna. The former of these carries 

 the blood from the hind limb through the v. tibialis antica and v. 

 tibialis postica, as Avell as through a v. femoralis, while it also receives 

 an epigastric vein from the walls of the abdomen and its AIR-SACS 

 (p. 4). Immediately after the v. iliac, externa has entered the pelvis, 

 near the pectineal process (pp. 861, 862) it is joined by the v. 

 iliac, interna, which drains the blood from the tail, vv. coccygex, from 

 the pelvis and most of the viscera therein embedded, including 

 the kidneys. Much of the venous blood is however conveyed 

 directly into the vense iliacx communes, and numerous veins, very 

 variable, send blood from the generative glands, from the suprarenal 

 cajDsules and from the liver into the v. cava posterior. 



The Hepatic Portal System remains to be mentioned. A Bird's 

 liver receives nearly all the blood from the stomach, gut, pancreas 

 and spleen, as well as from the liver itself. This blood enters the 

 right hepatic lobe by a v, portalis dextra, composed of the mesenteric 

 and coccygeo-mesenteric veins, and those from the pancreas, duo- 

 denum, proventriculus and spleen ; while the left lobe receives the 

 V. portalis sinistra with blood from the stomach. Having entered 

 the liver, both portal veins break up into innumerable small vessels 

 which combine again within this organ, and leave it as the vv. 

 hepaticcC magnse, which, as stated before, join the v. cava posterior, the 



ascendens Aortse ; a.hrc. Art. brachialis ; a.desc. Aorta descendens ; A./. Art. femoralis ; A. sub. 

 Art. subclavia ; A.v. Art. vertebralis ; C.c. Carotis communis ; C.e. Carot. externa ; C.i. Carot. 

 interna; cms. Vena coccygomesentrica ; cod. Art. coeliaca ; cr. Vena crui-alis ; cut.ahd. Vena 

 cutanea abdominalis ; cut.uln. V. cut. ulnaris; gast. Art. gastralis ; hp. Art. liepatica ; hyp. 

 Ven. liypogastrica ; il. Art. iliaca ; il.ex. Vena iliaca externa ; il.int. V. il. interna ; isch. Art. 

 iscliiadica ; Jug.d. V. jugularis dextra ; Jug.s. V. jug. sinistra ; ms.i. Art. mesenterica inferior; 

 ms.s. Art. mesent. superior ; r. renal arteries and veins ; rad. Art. radialis ; Hb.a. Art. tibialis 

 antica ; tib.p. Art. tib. postica ; thor. Art. thoracica ; Tr.aort. truncus Aortse ; uln. Art. 

 ulnaris ; V.Br. Vena brachialis ; V.c.i., v.c.p., v.c.s. Vena cava inferior, posterior and sinistra ; 

 v.f. Vena femoralis; V.H. V. hepatica ; v.il.c. V. iliaca communis; v.pulm. V. pulmonaria ; 

 V.s^lb. V. subclavia ; V.v. V. vertebralis. 



