86 HEVIKW — TKOl'ICAL MEDICINE, ETC. 



Guinea So far as the Sudan is concernefl, ]5ray' has shown that it is doubtful if dracontiasis 



Worm— exists in Kassahi, but it occurs in Gedarcf and is very common in Gallabat on the Abyssinian 



coitUimal frontier. It occurs but with no great frequency on the blue Nile, but is common on the 



Upper White Nile, and is very prevalent in the Bahr-El-Ghazal Province and in Kordofan. 



It is found chiefly in villages using surface water or shallow wells or employing hollow 



Tobeldi trees (Adansonia digitata) as water reservoirs. 



He notes that the life-span of the female worm is from nine months to one year. 

 Captain Cunnnins recommended that each native soldier bo provided with a strainer like 

 that mentioned by Graham. That the Nubas of Kordofan believe that infection takes place 

 by way of the skin is shown by the fact that they wear wooden pattens when crossing wet 

 or marshy places, whence, as experience has taught them, infection may be derived, (/b'ee 

 Captain Anderson's paper. Third Eeport.) 



Hffimatozoa. This is a big subject and the literature upon it is very scattered, but a 

 good ret-Hmi'hy Sambon will be found in the 4th Edition of Hanson's 'Tropical Diseases. 

 His new classification is also given, but whether it will stand the tests imposed by time and 

 increased knowledge remains to be seen. The statement that the ookinete of the 

 HiEmogregarinidae encysts and produces sporozoites in secondary cysts or spore bags was, I 

 believe, founded on Christophers' work- with Ilfemoyrcgariiia (jcrhiUi and lice. The latter, 

 however, has had reason to doubt the correctness of his observations regarding the stage in 

 the louse, and believes that the appearances he described were due to a coccidial infection 

 of the louse itself. 



Dutton, Todd and Tobey^ describe certain parasitic protozoa observed by them in the 

 Gambia and Congo Free State, amongst which we note the following blood parasites : — 

 Tnjpaiwsnui theileri, in all probability occurring in antelopes as far north as Kasongo, several 

 other forms of trypanosoma, including a large one in the monkey (Cercdpithecns i<chmidti), 

 malarial parasites in monkeys, malarial parasites and possibly spirochetes in bats. They 

 also found free gregarine forms in the blood of healthy dogs, probably the vermicule stage of 

 a htBmogregarine similar to that found in dogs in India, and also in dogs in Khartoum, by 

 Captain Giver, P.V.O., but so far undescribed. 



In birds Proteosonia was never seen, but Halteridium was very common. This is 

 interesting in the light of Dr. Wenyon's investigations in the Southern Sudan. 



So-called Leucocytozoa of birds are described, and this subject will be found considered 

 by Dr. Wenyon, whose observations are at variance, as regards the morphology of these 

 parasites, with those of the Liverpool observers. 



Various parasites in reptiles and amphibians are described and figured. What is called 

 a Cytamceba of the frog appears to me to resemble very closely the endoglobular forms of 

 spirochiete I have found in fowls and geese in Khartoum. One cannot enter into any details 

 regarding these numerous hsematozoa, but some of the more important, such as trypanosomes 

 and spirochtBtes will be considered under their appropriate headings. 



The most interesting of recent discoveries is that of the Sergents in Africa, who in a 

 patient suffering from night-sweats and nausea found on two different occasions a peculiar 

 ectoglobular parasite. It is vermiform in shape and measures about 40 n in length by 1 to 

 1-5 /I in size and is sharply pointed at either end. What seems to be a nucleus occupies 

 the whole of the middle third of the body. It was noticed that the parasite used to 

 disappear from the blood about 6 p.m. It therefore possessed a periodicity like tilaria 

 embryos. A sketch of this parasite is given in the latest (3rd Edition) of Christophers' and 

 Stephens' work.^ In this volume will be found notes on practically all the haematozoa found 

 up to date, and it is perhaps scarcely necessary to mention more of them, with the exception 

 of the hajmogregarine of cattle, H. h(,vi>', found in Erythrea by Martoglio and Carpano.-^* 



' Bray, W. (October, 1904), "The Southern Sudan: Its Climate and Diseases." Journal of the Royal Army 

 Medical Corps. 



^ Christophers, S. R., " Hsemogregarina Qerbilli." Sclaitijic Memoirs of the Govcniincnt of ItifUn, No. 18. 

 Calcutta, 1905. 



■' Dutton, J. E., Todd, .J. L., ■•ind Tobcy, E. M. (November 9th, 190"), " Coucernino; certain Parasitic Protozoa 

 observed in Africa." Mem. XXI, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, and Jnnalsof Tropical Mcdiciiu- and 

 Parasitoloyn, Vol. I, No. 3, p. 28.5. 



* Stephens, J. W. W., and Christophers, S. R., " Practical Study of Malaria," p. 261. 3rd Edition. 



' Martoglio, P., and Carpano, M., Ann d'Ig. Sperim., t. XVI., 1906. 



• iVrticle not consulted in the original. 



