146 REVIEW — TROPICAL MEDICINE, ETC. 



Parasites— The danger is, of course, directly proportional to the number of parasites harboured by 



continiicd the host, but even a single worm may bring about serious and even fatal consequences. 



A case where a single trichocephalus set up a fatal septicsemia from coli bacilli is instanced. 



The author tried to set up typhoid fever in two monkeys harbouring large numbers of 

 trichocephali. Both were fed several times with pure cultures of typhoid bacilli, and one 

 died of typical typhoid. 



The post mortem sliowed that in this case the penetration of the microbes was favoured, 

 not by thu trichocephali, but by a mass of tiEniaJ which obstructed the duodenum. 



Lastly, he recalls to memory the polypi and adenomatous formations he has already 

 recorded, arising on the points of fixation of helminths and intestinal larvae. 



There are some good illustrations showing polypoid and other conditions. 



Shipley' has described the relation of entozoa to tlie mucous lining of the alimentarj' 

 canal, and concludes that appendicitis might be caused by Trichocephalus trickiurus, but the 

 general medical opinion as expressed by Manson is opposed to such a view. 



Reference may here be made to a couple of general papers which are very useful to 

 anyone studying helminthology. One by Ward- gives data for the determination of human 

 entozoa, and although it is already somewhat out of date, the gaps can fairly easily be filled. 

 The plates illustrating ova are very good. One table gives for each parasite in a lengthy 

 list, name and organ infested, stage, i.e. larva or adult, type of parasitism, geographical 

 distribution and recorded frequency as human parasite in normal habitat. A second table 

 deals with the embryos of human parasites, detailing species, form, size in microns, surface, 

 head, tail, sheath (presence or absence), and recorded presence or absence in blood, sputum, 

 urine and faeces. 



The other paper is by Stiles,' and furnishes an illustrated key to the cestode 

 parasites of man. 



Some work has been done on parasites found in animals in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 

 notably by Shipley,'' while, in the collection made by Professor Werner of Vienna, Klaptocz'^ 

 describes a new cestode in the guinea fowl, Niimida ptilorhyncha, which bird seems to be the 

 happy hunting ground of any number of blood and other parasites. (See also Dr. Leiper's 

 paper in the Third Report.) 



A new human intestinal parasite, Physalo-ptera tnonlcns, has been found in Uganda, and 

 is described by Leiper." There is one other species of the same genus which infests man, i.e. 

 P. caucasica, but the Uganda worm is known by its greater size, Physalovtera murdens 

 measuring in the male specimens 29 millimetres in length and 2 millimetres in breadth and 

 in the female 40 millimetres and 3 millimetres respectively ; in the disposition of the papillae 

 of the male bursa and the contrast in the size of the spicules. In the female the situation of 

 the vulva and the smallness of the egg are sufficient to separate the two species. Lastly, in 

 the buccal armature aa additional pair of teeth and two pairs of papillae were noted. 



Leiper' gives a partial description of a rare sclerostome found in the large intestine of a 

 Nyasa native, and which proved to be Trindontophorus dimiwitus. This genus, Trioddutiiphorus, 

 was created by Looss in 1901 for certain blood-sucking sclerostomical forms found by him in 

 Egyptian equines. The species in question was first described by Railliet and Henry in 1905. 

 The females, which are carefully described by Leiper, occurred along with agchylostomes, 

 the latter being in the small intestine. 



Stephens'* records two new human Cestodes and a new Linguatulid in man. One of the 



' Shipley, A. E. (March 28th, 1908), "The Relation of Entozoa to the Mucous Lining of the Alimentary 

 C.inal." Report of Meeting of Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Lancet, Vol. I. 



^ W.ard, H. B. (1903), " Data for the Determination of Human Entozoa." Studies from Zoul. Lab. Univ., 

 Nebraska, No. 55. 



3 Stiles, C. W. (June, 1906), "Illustrated Key to the Cestode P.arasite of Man." ffyg. Lab. Bii/I., No. 25, 

 Washington, U.S.A. 



-* Shipley, A. E. (1902), " On a Collection of Parasites from the Sudan." Arch, de ParasiL, t. VI., No. 4. 



' Klaptocz, B. (1906), " Cestoden aus Numida Ptilorhyncha." Lcbl. Silz. d. K. Akad. d. JVissen, Wein. 



" Leiper, R. (.January 11th, 1908), " Physaloptera Mordcns." Report of Meeting of Society of Tropical 

 Medicine and Hygiene. Lancet, Vol. I. 



' Leiper, R. T. (June 15tli, 1908), "The Occurrence of a Rare Sclerostome of Man in Nyasaland." Journal 

 of Trojncal Medicine and Ilt/giene. 



* Stephens, J. W. W. (February 29th, 1908), " Two new Human Cestodes and a new Linguatulid." Annals of 

 Tropical Medicine, and Parasitology, Series T.M., Vol. I., No. 4. 



