154 REVIEW — TROPICAL MEDICINE, ETC. 



Canine Piro- 2. The injection of blood containing piroplasmata into animals, of .1 species other tlian the normal host of 



plasmosis ^'^^ parasite, has so far in no recorded case been followed by success. 



continual 3. Lounsbury's work showed that in South Africa piroplasmosis of the dog is conveyed by the tick 



Hwmaphijsalis hachi ; not by the larvaj from infected mother ticks, but only by ticks which, reared from eggs 

 laid by infested mother ticks, had passed through two mctamorjihoscs and had reached the adult stage. This is, 

 of course, different from what obtains in P. hiijcmiituin infection, where the transmission is conveyed by the 

 larva of the second generation, and quite different from the method already mentioned for P. parvum infection 

 (page 151.) 



Christophers has shown that for P. cards still another process is available, for, in the 

 case of transmission by U. samjuineus, nymphs of the second generation may be infective. 

 This is a matter of interest in the Sudan, where " Yellows " of dogs is very common and 

 whore R. sanguineus is the tick concerned. 



An acute and chronic form of the disease is seen in dogs. In the former there is 

 complete anorexia, and, save in very young dogs, where a high temperature is absent, there 

 is marked fever. Anaemia, jaundice, weakness and paresis of the hind legs complete the 

 clinical picture. 



The chronic form is associated with intense anaemia, but rarely with icterus or 

 haemoglobinuria. Fever is not a prominent sign, but there is emaciation, anorexia and a 

 scurfy skin. 



As regards immunity, Nocard and Motas noticed not only a high degree of immunity 

 resulting from previous infection lasting many months, but also showed that the blood of 

 immunised dogs has a marked bactericidal effect upon the parasites, mixture in vitro with 

 four or five times its volume of serum from an immunised dog rendering virulent blood 

 ineffective. The serum of immunised dogs has, however, but slight effect in preventing or 

 modifying an attack. 



The pathological changes are described and, under the heading " Morphology," the 

 following forms of parasite receive mention : amceboid, pear-shaped, large, early, infection 

 forms, round refractile type, ring, vacuolated, fiagella-like processes, post mortem small 

 globular forms, and free forms frequently occurring in groups. 



Most have found the incubation period by natural infection to lie between ten and 

 twenty-one days, but in Christophers' experiments it was very often only four days. 



One cannot consider the paper in greater detail, save for a few notes as regards dog 

 ticks. After mentioning these and their geographical distribution, Christophers says : — 



R. sanguineus is probably the species having the widest distribution, and would in itself serve as a transmitter 

 in Southern Europe, North Africa and much of the East. For South Africa there is a special dog tick, H. Irachi. 

 In Europe and more temperate regions, the various species of I.rodi-s seem to act as carriers. In Japan the only dog 

 tick noted is an Ixodes, and an Ixodes is found on dogs in Australia. In Central America several species of 

 Amblyomma seem to be associated with the dog. A chapter on the general life-history of ticks, and especially of 

 R. sanguineus, will be found usefnl. The experimental infection work has already been noted {page 152). 



Kinoschita's work,^* performed under the auspices of Schaudinn, differentiates 

 1. Round, amceboid, schizogonic forms. 2. Pear-shaped, sexually distinct forms. The former 

 proliferate by a process of budding, the latter, both male and female, by longitudinal binary 

 division. It is thought that the male and female gametocytes conjugate in the tick, but no 

 proof is advanced. Post mortem the parasites are as numerous in the capillaries of the skin 

 as in those of the internal organs. It would appear that this work requires confirmation. 



The latest work on the life-cycle of P. cains emanates from Breinl and Hindle,- of 

 Liverpool, who, in the study of the parasite, used the fixing and staining methods 

 introduced by Breinl for trypanosomes, i.e. the fixing of ivet films by strong Flemming's 

 solution, and staining with safranine and methylene blue, or by a modified Heidenhain's 

 method, a dilute solution of Bordeaux red being used as a counter stain. The authors 

 describe early and late forms, and, in connection with the latter, specially mention the 

 occurrence of unequal divisions of the parasite. They also deal with the flagellated forms, 

 and trace the development of the large bi-flagellate forms from the normal intracellular 

 parasite. This brief notice of a useful paper, illustrated by two coloured plates, must 

 suffice. 



' Kinoschita, K. (1907). Areh.f. Frotistenkunde, p. 294. 



(.July 1st, 1907), "Con: 

 ical Medicine and Parasi 



• Article not consulted in the original. 



- Breinl, A., and Hindle, E. (.July 1st, 1907), "Contributions to the Morphology and Life History of 

 Piroplasma Canis." Annals of IVopical Medicine and Parasitology. Series T. M., Vol. II. No. 3. 



