186 REVIEW — TKOPICAL MEDICINE, ETC. 



Spirochates 5. HpirochiKla vincaili. Found by Vinceat in a pscudo-diphthcritic condition of the throat, and also in 



and Spiro- hospital gangrene. 



chaetosis — 6. lipirochnia racdnw. Found in vaccine lymph. 



continued 7. Spiroc/ui'ta rcfrinyens. In syphilitic and other lesions of skin and mucous membranes. 



8. Spiroehcela pscudo-pallidn. Often found in association with lipiroclucla pallida. 



9. Spiroehcela of dysentery. Described by Lo Dantec. 



B. Blood SpiROCH.ET.ii 



1. Sjuroehoila anscrinn. Found in geese, by SakharoflE. 



2. Spiroeliaita galHnarum. From fowls in Brazil, by Marchoux and Salimbeni. 



3. Spiroehcela obermeyeri (vcl recurrentis). The cause of relapsing fever. 



4. Spiroehmta of lick fever. 



5. Spiroeha;la theileri. From Transvaal cattle. 



In addition to the above, spirochaetae have been found in the horse, sheep, bat, Norway rat, bandicoot, 

 and also in the cockroach, mosquito, and tsetse fly, which may, probably, on further knowledge, be included in 

 this group of blood spirochsetsc. 



C. Treponema 



1. Treponema pallidum. — Syphilis. Schaudinn and Hoffmann. 



2. Treponema pertanuis. — Yaios. Castcllani. 



He then gives notes on certain of tlie pathogenic forms citing the work of Karlinski as 

 showing that probably the common bed-bug is the carrier of S. obenneyeri. He mentions 

 the work of Novy and Knapp, who were successful in keeping the spirochifitae alive through 

 many generations in both white rats and mice by intra-peritoneal inoculation. He has not 

 been able to confirm the presence either of the undulating membrane of Schaudinn or the 

 flagella of Novy and Knapp, and while he considers it quite possible that European 

 relapsing fever may differ from that found in Bombay he is not prepared to uphold the 

 morphological distinctions put forward by these latter authors. 



As regards African tick fever, he says : — 



This disease appears to be widely distributed in Afi-ica, occurring in Uganda, the Congo Free State, and 

 in German East Africa. The spirochEeta was found by Bass and Milne, and, independently, by Dutton and 

 Todd, who further proved that it was transmitted by a tick, the Orniilwdoros moabala. The young of infected 

 ticks, reared in captivity, were also shown to be infective, and Koch has recently been able to trace the 

 spirochffltae up to a certain point in the development of the embryo. The question as to the identity of this 

 tick fever with the relapsing fever of Europe is the subject of much debate, and, although Koch liolds them 

 to be identical, there are many points of difference as regards symptoms, fatality, animal reactions, etc., which 

 make it hard to accept this view. Again, while Koch regards the sjiirochsetse as morphologically indistinguishable, 

 Novy and Knapp describe many points of difference, and suggest for the tick fever spirooh^ta the name of 

 Spirocluvfa datloni in memory of Dutton, who lost his life in the investigation of the disease. 



In this connection the monkey spirochsta, is of interest, as it was found by Gray and TuUoch, at Uganda, 

 in the blood of a monkey naturally infected. It corresponds to the organism of tick fever in morphological 

 appearance, and it is not imjjrobable that it is identical with it. 



A somewhat similar paper is that by Blanchard.' Some spirochaette described by 

 Leishman he does not mention, but, on the other hand, he notes S. eberthi, found in the 

 intestines of various birds. H. ovina, found in the blood of an Abyssinian sheep {see 

 page 87), and spirochaetaB which occur in the stomach of dogs, were found by Bizzozero, and 

 appear to possess flagella. A different form of spirochaete was found by me- in the 

 stomach and intestines of dogs and other animals dying of experimental trypanosomiasis in 

 the Sudan. 



A more recent article is that by Miihlens,^ who mentions the spirochaete of carcinoma 

 and that found in gangrene of the lung. 



Fantham,'' in a general paper, speaks of 8. cnlicis (Jaffe) from the alimentary tract of a 

 mosquito, C. pipiena and S. hufunis (Dobell) found in the rectum of a toad. 



Bousfield^ has described in the Sudan cases of membranous ulceration of the throat 

 associated with the presence of spirochaetes. He regards the condition as being allied to, 



' Blanchard, R. (1906), " Spirilla, Spirochaetes and other Spirally-formed Organisms." Revue Vitirinaire. 

 Quoted in Journal vf Tropieal i'eterinary Science, July, 1906, Vol. I. 



■ Balfour, A. (1906), "Second Report of Wellcome Research Laboratories." 



^ Miihlens, P. (September 28th, 1907), " Vergleichende Spirochatenstudien." Zeil. fur Uutjienc u. lufekl. 

 KrankheiL, Bd., LVII., No. 3. 



♦ Fantham, H. 13. (.Inly, 1908). Science Progress, Vol. III. 



" Bousfield, L. (September 14th, 1907), " Observations from the Sudan." Lancet, Vol. II. 



