298 SOME jirxifirAL EXGiNEEniNG rnoBLEMs IX THE Tnorirs 



a more liberal supply than the present arrangement, and would also provide economically 

 for the watering of streets and trees near the river front. 



Sanitation 



"The Town Building Eegulations, 1909," already referred to in detail, contain certain 

 clauses, Nos. 24 to 30, dealing with various sanitary matters. These clauses regulate the 

 construction of wells and closets and the disposal of waste water and will be referred to 

 more particularly under their respective sections. Type drawings, from which figures 

 Nos. 92 to 96 and 100 and 101 have been prepared, are issued to applicants whenever 

 necessary. They are intended simply to illustrate the intention of the Regulations, 

 and compliance witli nou-essential details is in no way insisted on. 

 Waste-Water In the city of Khartoum there is at present no system of drainage with the 



'■^po-^^ exception of trenches, which are dug every year for the removal of surface water 



during the three months or so of wet weather in the summer, so that the disposal of 

 waste water presents a problem of some difficulty. The drainage trenches referred to 

 are dealt with under Section II (Streets). Under the old system of water-supply the 

 consumption was necessarily limited, so that the amount of waste to be dealt with 

 was small and presented little diiticulty. With the provision of an ample supply of 

 water from the town mains, however, a new set of conditions were established, anil, 

 with the gradual extension of the water service, the increased amount of waste from 

 baths, sinks, caf6s and wash-houses, etc., necessitated special arrangements being made 

 for its disposal. 



Three methods of waste-water disposal are in use, namely, (1) Irrigation, 

 (2) Percolation Pits and (3) Waste-Water Pits, one or other of w'hich is adopted to 

 suit the requirements of each particular case. They are referred to in Clauses Nos. 25, 

 2G, 27 and 28 of the Eegulations and illustrated l)y Figs. 92 to 95. 



(1) Trriijatioii 



Where practicable the most satisfactory method of dealing with waste water is to 

 discharge it on to a suitably prepared and cultivated area of ground. In houses which 

 have even a small garden, bath water can be satisfactorily and usefully employed in this 

 way, but the waste from sinks, etc., flowing in small quantities and containing, as it 

 does, a much larger proportion of grease and fatty matter, is apt, unless very carefully 

 attended to, to foul and clog the ground and create a serious nuisance. 

 Water-disposal ^ good example of disposal bj* irrigation on a larger scale is the sj'stem adopted 



by irrigation }^y t]je Eailway Department for dealing with waste from the engine sheds and other 

 sources at the Khartoum Central Station. The waste water is drained to a common 

 sump -within the railway property and from there pumped to a main gudwal from which 

 an area of some two acres of cultivated land is irrigated. 



Generally speaking the irrigation method is eminently satisfactory if properly looked 

 after, but if neglected it leads to fouling of the ground and the formation of mosquito 

 breeding pools. 



(2) Pfi-Cdlatlriii pitit 



Under the Regulations, percolation pits are not allowed to be constructed without 

 the consent of the Medical Oflficer of Health, as if dug near to a well there is a danger 

 of contamination, and, moreover, unless properly constructed they may form breeding 

 places for mosquitoes. Fig. 92 shows a simple type of percolation pit, consisting 



t 



