BEETLES. 233 



also attack the roots of strawberry plants. 

 The larvae of scarabs move over a wider range than 

 those of passalids and stags, hence the horny legs 

 are strong in the scarabs. 



Most of the scarabs on pupating simply make a 

 hollowed-out cavern in the soil and pupate within 

 it: examples, Aiioploguathus SLud Scitala pruhwsa. 

 However we found definite mud cocoons of the 

 fiddler scarab (Eupoecila) and some of the pellets 

 of excretion were found adhering to the outer part 

 of the cocoons. (Plate 29, Fig. i, b.) 



(2) Passalids (Plate 29, Figs. 5 and 6). — The 

 antennae have 4 or 5 plates which can only be co- 

 adapted when curled up. Usually the plates 

 are fairly far apart, and hence stand well 

 out. The tip of the abdomen is not exposed. Pass- 

 alids are oblong-looking beetles with strongly 

 marked ridges and grooves down the elytra. We 

 have captured as many as sixteen under a 

 large log which had been undisturbed for years. 

 There were larvae, too — the fat curled grubs — in all 

 stages of development. The larvae of passalids have 

 usually but four legs, the hind pair being but short 

 processes. The common genus is Aiilacocyclus. 



(3) Lucanids or Sjtags (Plate 29, Figs. 7 and 8). 

 — These are longer than most scarabs and can read- 

 ily be distinguished by the very large mandibles held 

 straight in front of the head, also by having the 

 tip of the abdomen covered, and by having longer 

 antennae whose plates are not co-adapted to form 

 a club. The mandibles of the male are larger than 

 those of the female, and in some species are of ex- 



